Iteration

Lecture 12

Dr. Benjamin Soltoff

Cornell University
INFO 2951 - Spring 2026

March 3, 2026

Announcements

Homework 04 due tomorrow
Project proposals

Learning objectives

Explain how R utilizes iteration naturally with vectorized operations
Iterate across columns in a data frame using across()
Write anonymous functions for one-time tasks
Define list objects
Iterate across vector elements using map() functions

Iteration

What is iteration?

Iteration means repeating steps multiple times until a condition is met
In other languages, iteration is performed with loops: for, while

Iteration is different in R
You can use loops……. but you often don’t need to

Iteration in R

Iteration is an inherent part of the language. For example,

nums <- c(3, 1, 6, 4)
2 * nums

[1]  6  2 12  8

and not

[1] 3 1 6 4 3 1 6 4

Iteration in R

We have:

group_by() with summarize()
facet_wrap()
across()
purrr::map()

In other languages, a for loop would be right after “Hello world”

Iterating `across()` columns

`penguins`

glimpse(penguins)

Rows: 333
Columns: 8
$ species     <fct> Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie…
$ island      <fct> Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, T…
$ bill_len    <dbl> 39.1, 39.5, 40.3, 36.7, 39.3, 38.9, 39.2, 41.1, 38.6, 34.6, 36.6, 38.7, 42.5, …
$ bill_dep    <dbl> 18.7, 17.4, 18.0, 19.3, 20.6, 17.8, 19.6, 17.6, 21.2, 21.1, 17.8, 19.0, 20.7, …
$ flipper_len <int> 181, 186, 195, 193, 190, 181, 195, 182, 191, 198, 185, 195, 197, 184, 194, 174…
$ body_mass   <int> 3750, 3800, 3250, 3450, 3650, 3625, 4675, 3200, 3800, 4400, 3700, 3450, 4500, …
$ sex         <fct> male, female, female, female, male, female, male, female, male, male, female, …
$ year        <int> 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, …

Scenario

Recall our standard error function from last class:

sd_error <- function(x) {
  se <- sd(x, na.rm = TRUE) / sqrt(sum(!is.na(x)))
  return(se)
}

Summarizing columns individually

penguins |>
  summarize(
    se_bill_len = sd_error(bill_len),
    se_bill_dep = sd_error(bill_dep),
    se_flip_len = sd_error(flipper_len),
    se_body_mass = sd_error(body_mass)
  )

  se_bill_len se_bill_dep se_flip_len se_body_mass
1   0.2996812   0.1079134   0.7680592     44.12555

A cute round fuzzy monster with fairy wings and a wand, with a party hat on reading 'mean', bouncing across the top of a data table applying the function to each column. Stylized text reads: 'dplyr::across() - use within mutate() or summarize() to apply function(s) to a selection of columns!' An example shows the use within summarize: summarize(across(where(is.numeric), mean)). Learn more about dplyr::across().

Summarizing columns iteratively

penguins |>
  summarize(
    across(
      .cols = c(bill_len, bill_dep, flipper_len, body_mass),
      .fns = sd_error
    )
  )

   bill_len  bill_dep flipper_len body_mass
1 0.2996812 0.1079134   0.7680592  44.12555

Side note on functional programming

A programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions

We can pass a function, sd_error to across() since R is a functional programming language
We are not calling sd_error()
Instead we pass sd_error so across() can call it
Thus function name is not followed by ()

`across()` + selector helpers

penguins |> summarize(across(starts_with("bill"), sd_error))

   bill_len  bill_dep
1 0.2996812 0.1079134

penguins |> summarize(across(contains("len"), sd_error))

   bill_len flipper_len
1 0.2996812   0.7680592

penguins |> summarize(across(where(is.numeric), sd_error))

   bill_len  bill_dep flipper_len body_mass       year
1 0.2996812 0.1079134   0.7680592  44.12555 0.04454905

Selection helpers

starts_with(): Starts with a prefix
ends_with(): Ends with a suffix
contains(): Contains a literal string
num_range(): Matches a numerical range like x01, x02, x03
one_of(): Matches variable names in a character vector
everything(): Matches all variables
last_col(): Select last variable, possibly with an offset
matches(): Matches a regular expression (a sequence of symbols/characters expressing a string/pattern to be searched for within text)
c_across(): Use a tidy selector within a non-selecting function (e.g. sum())

Implementing anonymous functions

In-line functions
Lambda functions

Count number of missing values per column

penguins |>
  summarize(
    across(
      .cols = everything(),
      .fns = \(x) sum(is.na(x))
    )
  )

  species island bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass sex year
1       0      0        0        0           0         0   0    0

Multiple summarize operations

penguins |>
  drop_na() |>
  summarize(
    across(
      .cols = where(is.numeric),
      .fns = list(mean = mean, sd = sd),
      .names = "{.fn}_{.col}"
    )
  )

  mean_bill_len sd_bill_len mean_bill_dep sd_bill_dep mean_flipper_len sd_flipper_len
1      43.99279    5.468668      17.16486    1.969235          200.967       14.01577
  mean_body_mass sd_body_mass mean_year   sd_year
1       4207.057     805.2158  2008.042 0.8129439

Bring back anonymous functions

penguins |>
  summarize(
    across(
      .cols = where(is.numeric),
      .fns = list(
        mean = \(x) mean(x, na.rm = TRUE),
        sd = \(x) sd(x, na.rm = TRUE)
      ),
      .names = "{.fn}_{.col}"
    )
  )

  mean_bill_len sd_bill_len mean_bill_dep sd_bill_dep mean_flipper_len sd_flipper_len
1      43.99279    5.468668      17.16486    1.969235          200.967       14.01577
  mean_body_mass sd_body_mass mean_year   sd_year
1       4207.057     805.2158  2008.042 0.8129439

Do it within groups

penguins |>
  group_by(species) |>
  summarize(
    across(
      .cols = where(is.numeric),
      .fns = list(
        mean = \(x) mean(x, na.rm = TRUE),
        sd = \(x) sd(x, na.rm = TRUE)
      ),
      .names = "{.fn}_{.col}"
    )
  )

# A tibble: 3 × 11
  species   mean_bill_len sd_bill_len mean_bill_dep sd_bill_dep mean_flipper_len sd_flipper_len
  <fct>             <dbl>       <dbl>         <dbl>       <dbl>            <dbl>          <dbl>
1 Adelie             38.8        2.66          18.3       1.22              190.           6.52
2 Chinstrap          48.8        3.34          18.4       1.14              196.           7.13
3 Gentoo             47.6        3.11          15.0       0.986             217.           6.59
# ℹ 4 more variables: mean_body_mass <dbl>, sd_body_mass <dbl>, mean_year <dbl>, sd_year <dbl>

Modify columns

penguins |>
  mutate(
    across(
      .cols = c(where(is.numeric), -year),
      .fns = \(x) scale(x) |> as.numeric()
    )
  )

      species    island     bill_len    bill_dep  flipper_len    body_mass    sex year
1      Adelie Torgersen -0.894695470  0.77955895 -1.424607687 -0.567620576   male 2007
2      Adelie Torgersen -0.821551521  0.11940428 -1.067866553 -0.505525421 female 2007
3      Adelie Torgersen -0.675263622  0.42409105 -0.425732512 -1.188572125 female 2007
4      Adelie Torgersen -1.333559166  1.08424573 -0.568428966 -0.940191505 female 2007
5      Adelie Torgersen -0.858123495  1.74440040 -0.782473646 -0.691810886   male 2007
6      Adelie Torgersen -0.931267445  0.32252879 -1.424607687 -0.722858463 female 2007
7      Adelie Torgersen -0.876409483  1.23658911 -0.425732512  0.581139791   male 2007
8      Adelie Torgersen -0.528975723  0.22096653 -1.353259460 -1.250667280 female 2007
9      Adelie Torgersen -0.986125407  2.04908718 -0.711125419 -0.505525421   male 2007
10     Adelie Torgersen -1.717564900  1.99830605 -0.211687832  0.239616439   male 2007
11     Adelie Torgersen -1.351845153  0.32252879 -1.139214780 -0.629715731 female 2007
12     Adelie Torgersen -0.967839419  0.93190234 -0.425732512 -0.940191505 female 2007
13     Adelie Torgersen -0.272971901  1.79518153 -0.283036059  0.363806749   male 2007
14     Adelie Torgersen -1.754136874  0.62721557 -1.210563007 -1.095429393 female 2007
15     Adelie Torgersen  0.367037656  2.20143056 -0.497080739 -0.008764181   male 2007
16     Adelie    Biscoe -1.132413305  0.57643444 -1.924045274 -1.002286660 female 2007
17     Adelie    Biscoe -1.150699292  0.77955895 -1.495955914 -0.753906041   male 2007
18     Adelie    Biscoe -1.479847064  1.03346460 -0.853821873 -0.505525421 female 2007
19     Adelie    Biscoe -1.059269356  0.47487218 -1.139214780 -0.319239956   male 2007
20     Adelie    Biscoe -0.949553432  0.01784202 -1.495955914 -0.505525421   male 2007
21     Adelie    Biscoe -1.589562988  0.88112121 -0.996518326 -0.505525421 female 2007
22     Adelie    Biscoe -0.620405660  0.72877782 -1.281911233 -0.816001196   male 2007
23     Adelie    Biscoe -0.638691647  0.37330992 -0.996518326 -1.250667280 female 2007
24     Adelie    Biscoe -1.114127318  0.72877782 -2.066741728 -1.312762435 female 2007
25     Adelie    Biscoe -0.638691647  0.88112121 -1.495955914 -0.319239956   male 2007
26     Adelie     Dream -0.821551521 -0.23606363 -1.638652367 -1.188572125 female 2007
27     Adelie     Dream -1.242129229  0.47487218 -1.638652367 -0.381335111   male 2007
28     Adelie     Dream -0.821551521  0.32252879 -0.925170100 -1.126476970 female 2007
29     Adelie     Dream -0.565547698  0.88112121 -1.210563007 -0.381335111   male 2007
30     Adelie     Dream -1.388417128 -0.08372024 -0.425732512 -1.095429393 female 2007
31     Adelie     Dream -0.876409483  1.99830605 -0.354384285 -0.070859336   male 2007
32     Adelie     Dream -0.949553432  1.43971363 -0.782473646 -0.319239956   male 2007
33     Adelie     Dream -0.327829863  0.67799669 -1.495955914 -0.816001196 female 2007
34     Adelie     Dream -1.168985280  1.08424573 -1.424607687 -1.126476970 female 2007
35     Adelie     Dream -0.766693559  0.98268347 -1.210563007  0.550092214   male 2007
36     Adelie     Dream -1.370131140  0.42409105 -1.353259460 -1.312762435 female 2007
37     Adelie     Dream -0.583833685  0.62721557 -0.425732512 -0.381335111   male 2007
38     Adelie     Dream -1.461561077  0.67799669 -1.067866553 -1.374857590 female 2007
39     Adelie     Dream  0.019603896  1.28737024 -0.354384285  0.239616439   male 2007
40     Adelie     Dream -1.278701204 -0.13450137 -1.139214780 -1.499047900 female 2007
41     Adelie     Dream -0.803265533  0.83034008 -0.782473646  0.487997059   male 2007
42     Adelie     Dream -0.528975723  0.93190234 -1.353259460 -0.971239083   male 2007
43     Adelie     Dream -1.461561077  0.37330992 -0.782473646 -0.940191505 female 2007
44     Adelie     Dream -0.309543876  2.04908718 -0.711125419 -0.070859336   male 2007
45     Adelie    Biscoe -0.803265533  0.27174766 -1.067866553 -0.878096351 female 2008
46     Adelie    Biscoe -0.711835597  0.88112121 -0.925170100  0.115426129   male 2008
47     Adelie    Biscoe -1.644420950  0.37330992 -0.782473646 -0.940191505 female 2008
48     Adelie    Biscoe -0.364401838  1.18580798 -0.068991378 -0.195049646   male 2008
49     Adelie    Biscoe -1.735850887  0.47487218 -0.996518326 -1.623238210 female 2008
50     Adelie    Biscoe -0.474117761  0.72877782 -0.711125419 -0.629715731   male 2008
51     Adelie    Biscoe -0.912981457  0.17018541 -1.067866553 -0.816001196 female 2008
52     Adelie    Biscoe -0.620405660  0.83034008 -0.568428966 -0.505525421   male 2008
53     Adelie    Biscoe -1.370131140 -0.28684476 -1.424607687 -1.685333365 female 2008
54     Adelie    Biscoe -1.168985280  0.98268347 -0.497080739 -0.567620576   male 2008
55     Adelie    Biscoe -1.516419039 -0.13450137 -1.139214780 -1.312762435 female 2008
56     Adelie    Biscoe -0.492403749  1.99830605 -0.425732512  0.239616439   male 2008
57     Adelie    Biscoe -1.168985280 -0.08372024 -1.139214780 -0.753906041 female 2008
58     Adelie    Biscoe -0.528975723  0.52565331 -0.639777193 -0.195049646   male 2008
59     Adelie    Biscoe -1.388417128 -0.03293911 -1.210563007 -1.685333365 female 2008
60     Adelie    Biscoe -0.437545787  0.42409105 -0.639777193 -0.319239956   male 2008
61     Adelie    Biscoe -1.552991014 -0.48996927 -0.425732512 -1.064381815 female 2008
62     Adelie    Biscoe -0.528975723  0.98268347 -0.925170100 -0.132954491   male 2008
63     Adelie Torgersen -1.479847064 -0.28684476 -0.782473646 -1.436952745 female 2008
64     Adelie Torgersen -0.400973812  1.13502686 -0.211687832  0.301711594   male 2008
65     Adelie Torgersen -1.918710760  0.93190234 -0.782473646 -0.753906041 female 2008
66     Adelie Torgersen -0.784979546  0.62721557 -0.782473646 -0.381335111   male 2008
67     Adelie Torgersen -0.803265533  0.01784202 -0.354384285 -0.816001196 female 2008
68     Adelie Torgersen  0.330465681  0.88112121 -0.283036059 -0.070859336   male 2008
69     Adelie Torgersen -1.552991014  0.17018541 -0.782473646 -0.629715731 female 2008
70     Adelie Torgersen -0.218113939  0.67799669 -0.425732512  0.053330974   male 2008
71     Adelie Torgersen -0.565547698 -0.18528250 -0.711125419 -0.629715731 female 2008
72     Adelie Torgersen -1.242129229  1.13502686 -1.210563007 -0.381335111   male 2008
73     Adelie Torgersen -1.424989102 -0.54075040 -0.996518326 -0.816001196 female 2008
74     Adelie Torgersen -0.346115850  0.98268347 -0.425732512 -0.257144801   male 2008
75     Adelie Torgersen -1.717564900  0.01784202 -0.853821873 -1.250667280 female 2008
76     Adelie Torgersen -0.199827952  0.22096653 -0.354384285  0.612187369   male 2008
77     Adelie Torgersen -1.333559166  0.83034008 -0.996518326 -0.505525421 female 2008
78     Adelie Torgersen -1.626134963  1.13502686 -0.568428966 -0.008764181   male 2008
79     Adelie     Dream -1.223843242  0.32252879 -0.711125419 -1.064381815 female 2008
80     Adelie     Dream -0.492403749  1.59205702 -0.497080739 -0.816001196   male 2008
81     Adelie     Dream -1.406703115  1.18580798 -0.782473646 -0.505525421   male 2008
82     Adelie     Dream -1.296987191  0.72877782 -0.853821873 -0.878096351 female 2008
83     Adelie     Dream -1.040983369  1.03346460 -0.853821873 -0.319239956   male 2008
84     Adelie     Dream -0.931267445  0.83034008 -0.782473646 -0.753906041 female 2008
85     Adelie     Dream -1.516419039  0.42409105  0.073705075 -0.816001196 female 2008
86     Adelie     Dream -0.528975723  0.47487218  0.287749755  0.115426129   male 2008
87     Adelie     Dream -1.827280824 -0.03293911 -1.139214780 -1.002286660 female 2008
88     Adelie     Dream -0.803265533  0.47487218 -1.067866553  0.301711594   male 2008
89     Adelie     Dream -1.424989102  0.06862315 -0.996518326 -1.126476970 female 2008
90     Adelie     Dream -0.583833685  0.88112121  0.501794436  0.115426129   male 2008
91     Adelie     Dream -1.077555343  0.72877782 -0.782473646 -0.629715731 female 2008
92     Adelie     Dream -0.675263622  0.67799669 -0.354384285  0.177521284   male 2008
93     Adelie     Dream -1.991854709 -0.54075040 -1.638652367 -1.623238210 female 2008
94     Adelie     Dream -0.144969990  0.67799669 -0.639777193 -0.132954491   male 2008
95     Adelie    Biscoe -1.644420950  0.37330992 -0.639777193 -0.598668153 female 2009
96     Adelie    Biscoe -0.547261711  1.43971363  0.145053302  0.643234946   male 2009
97     Adelie    Biscoe -1.150699292 -0.59153153 -1.281911233 -1.405905168 female 2009
98     Adelie    Biscoe -1.132413305  1.43971363 -0.782473646  0.053330974   male 2009
99     Adelie    Biscoe -1.114127318  0.72877782 -0.568428966 -1.592190633 female 2009
100    Adelie    Biscoe -0.784979546  0.88112121 -1.210563007 -0.816001196   male 2009
101    Adelie    Biscoe -0.986125407  0.01784202 -0.140339605 -0.567620576 female 2009
102    Adelie    Biscoe -1.059269356  1.43971363 -0.782473646 -0.381335111   male 2009
103    Adelie    Biscoe -1.077555343 -0.08372024 -1.424607687 -1.281714858 female 2009
104    Adelie    Biscoe -0.144969990  0.93190234 -0.283036059  0.705330101   male 2009
105    Adelie    Biscoe -1.077555343 -0.33762588 -0.211687832 -0.474477843 female 2009
106    Adelie    Biscoe  0.293893706  1.59205702 -0.711125419  0.487997059   male 2009
107    Adelie    Biscoe -0.784979546  0.27174766 -0.568428966 -1.250667280 female 2009
108    Adelie    Biscoe -0.327829863  1.18580798 -0.283036059  0.084378551   male 2009
109    Adelie    Biscoe -0.803265533  1.79518153 -0.711125419 -0.381335111 female 2009
110    Adelie    Biscoe -0.236399926  0.57643444 -0.354384285 -0.164002068   male 2009
111    Adelie Torgersen -0.986125407 -0.08372024 -0.925170100 -1.623238210 female 2009
112    Adelie Torgersen -1.223843242  1.69361927 -0.140339605 -0.536572998   male 2009
113    Adelie Torgersen -1.516419039 -0.08372024 -0.853821873 -1.064381815 female 2009
114    Adelie Torgersen -0.528975723  0.72877782 -0.853821873 -1.095429393   male 2009
115    Adelie Torgersen -1.424989102  0.01784202 -0.996518326 -1.312762435 female 2009
116    Adelie Torgersen -1.150699292  1.33815137 -0.211687832 -0.878096351   male 2009
117    Adelie Torgersen -0.693549609 -0.08372024 -1.781348821 -0.940191505 female 2009
118    Adelie Torgersen -0.474117761  0.67799669  0.073705075 -0.412382688   male 2009
119    Adelie Torgersen -1.607848976 -0.64231266 -1.067866553 -1.436952745 female 2009
120    Adelie Torgersen -0.620405660  0.93190234 -0.140339605 -0.257144801   male 2009
121    Adelie Torgersen -0.949553432  0.22096653 -0.711125419 -1.157524548 female 2009
122    Adelie Torgersen -0.455831774  0.57643444 -0.425732512  0.115426129   male 2009
123    Adelie Torgersen -0.912981457 -0.03293911 -0.711125419 -1.436952745 female 2009
124    Adelie Torgersen  0.019603896  0.42409105  0.644490889 -0.257144801   male 2009
125    Adelie Torgersen -1.004411394  0.37330992 -0.782473646 -1.095429393 female 2009
126    Adelie Torgersen -0.163255977  1.03346460 -0.283036059 -0.878096351   male 2009
127    Adelie     Dream -1.315273178  0.67799669 -0.568428966 -0.878096351 female 2009
128    Adelie     Dream -1.187271267  0.67799669 -0.140339605  0.332759171   male 2009
129    Adelie     Dream -1.077555343  0.22096653 -0.996518326 -0.971239083 female 2009
130    Adelie     Dream -0.528975723  0.17018541 -0.782473646 -0.381335111   male 2009
131    Adelie     Dream -1.534705026  0.17018541 -0.711125419 -1.281714858 female 2009
132    Adelie     Dream -0.693549609  1.49049476 -0.068991378 -0.288192378   male 2009
133    Adelie     Dream -1.278701204 -0.33762588 -1.139214780 -1.002286660 female 2009
134    Adelie     Dream -0.784979546  0.37330992 -0.568428966  0.053330974   male 2009
135    Adelie     Dream -0.693549609 -0.03293911 -0.568428966 -1.002286660 female 2009
136    Adelie     Dream -0.620405660  0.01784202 -0.996518326 -0.909143928   male 2009
137    Adelie     Dream -2.174714583 -0.84543717 -0.925170100 -1.436952745 female 2009
138    Adelie     Dream -0.602119673 -0.08372024 -0.782473646 -0.598668153   male 2009
139    Adelie     Dream -1.223843242 -0.18528250 -0.639777193 -1.499047900 female 2009
140    Adelie     Dream -0.912981457  0.77955895 -1.139214780 -0.691810886   male 2009
141    Adelie     Dream -0.876409483  0.72877782 -0.782473646  0.053330974   male 2009
142    Adelie     Dream -1.351845153  0.62721557 -1.210563007 -0.909143928 female 2009
143    Adelie     Dream -1.461561077  0.32252879 -0.425732512 -0.940191505 female 2009
144    Adelie     Dream -1.132413305  0.47487218 -0.568428966 -0.567620576   male 2009
145    Adelie     Dream -1.461561077 -0.03293911 -0.996518326 -0.629715731 female 2009
146    Adelie     Dream -0.455831774  0.67799669  0.002356848 -0.257144801   male 2009
147    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.385323643 -2.01340314  0.715839116  0.363806749 female 2007
148    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.098477149 -0.43918814  2.071455424  1.854090468   male 2007
149    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.860759313 -1.55637298  0.644490889  0.301711594 female 2007
150    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.098477149 -0.99778056  1.215276703  1.854090468   male 2007
151    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.659613453 -1.35324846  1.001232023  1.481519538   male 2007
152    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.458467592 -1.86105975  0.644490889  0.425901904 female 2007
153    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.257321732 -1.30246733  0.715839116  0.736377679 female 2007
154    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.495039567 -0.94699943  1.286624930  1.233138918   male 2007
155    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.126684002 -1.91184088  0.573142662  0.239616439 female 2007
156    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.513325554 -0.89621830  1.001232023  1.171043763   male 2007
157    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.565547698 -1.75949750  0.929883796  0.550092214 female 2007
158    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.915617275 -0.54075040  1.072580250  1.667805003   male 2007
159    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.275607719 -1.75949750  0.929883796  0.550092214 female 2007
160    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.805901351 -1.30246733  0.858535569  2.040375933   male 2007
161    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.330465681 -1.30246733  0.644490889 -0.008764181 female 2007
162    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.970475237 -0.74387492  1.143928476  2.040375933   male 2007
163    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.364401838 -1.86105975  0.644490889 -0.070859336 female 2007
164    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.952189250 -0.99778056  1.429321384  2.599232327   male 2007
165    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.403609630 -1.35324846  0.573142662  0.736377679 female 2007
166    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.860759313 -1.04856169  1.500669610  1.419424383   male 2007
167    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.135049123 -1.45481072  1.215276703  1.854090468   male 2007
168    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.202463770 -1.35324846  1.001232023  0.984758298 female 2007
169    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.458467592 -1.35324846  0.858535569  0.239616439 female 2007
170    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.421895617 -0.69309379  1.001232023  1.046853453   male 2007
171    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.199827952 -2.06418427  1.001232023  0.984758298 female 2007
172    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.385323643 -1.04856169  1.001232023  1.108948608   male 2007
173    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.696185427 -1.09934282  1.001232023  1.791995313   male 2007
174    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.769329377 -1.45481072  0.644490889  0.487997059 female 2007
175    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.098477149 -0.94699943  1.357973157  1.667805003   male 2007
176    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.604755491 -0.94699943  1.500669610  1.295234073   male 2007
177    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.218113939 -1.50559185  0.573142662  0.612187369 female 2007
178    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.202463770 -1.35324846  0.430446209  1.046853453 female 2007
179    Gentoo    Biscoe  2.853931932 -0.08372024  2.071455424  2.288756553   male 2007
180    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.933903263 -1.20090508  1.357973157  1.171043763 female 2008
181    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.805901351 -0.43918814  1.357973157  1.481519538   male 2008
182    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.254685914 -1.75949750  0.858535569  0.922663143 female 2008
183    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.074461858  0.06862315  1.286624930  1.295234073   male 2008
184    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.001317909 -1.81027862  0.501794436  0.177521284 female 2008
185    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.860759313 -0.74387492  0.501794436  1.419424383   male 2008
186    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.236399926 -1.75949750  0.501794436 -0.319239956 female 2008
187    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.025333199 -0.59153153  1.714714291  1.854090468   male 2008
188    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.239035744 -1.75949750  0.644490889  0.115426129 female 2008
189    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.025333199 -1.09934282  1.072580250  0.674282524   male 2008
190    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.189907085 -0.64231266  1.500669610  1.667805003   male 2008
191    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.071826040 -1.65793524  1.143928476  0.860567988 female 2008
192    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.275607719 -1.65793524  0.644490889 -0.008764181 female 2008
193    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.189907085 -0.64231266  1.714714291  1.481519538   male 2008
194    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.165891795 -1.96262201  0.858535569  1.108948608 female 2008
195    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.220749757 -0.69309379  1.001232023  1.357329228   male 2008
196    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.476753579 -1.50559185  0.644490889  0.798472833 female 2008
197    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.824187339 -1.55637298  1.357973157  1.357329228   male 2008
198    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.202463770 -1.40402959  0.644490889  0.239616439 female 2008
199    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.116763136 -1.09934282  1.714714291  0.984758298   male 2008
200    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.458467592 -1.40402959  1.143928476  0.860567988 female 2008
201    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.184177782 -0.89621830  1.357973157  1.046853453   male 2008
202    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.035254066 -1.65793524  0.501794436  0.115426129 female 2008
203    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.275607719 -1.09934282  1.357973157  0.984758298   male 2008
204    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.144969990 -1.35324846  0.501794436  0.301711594 female 2008
205    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.171621098 -0.94699943  1.643366064  1.667805003   male 2008
206    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.239035744 -1.70871637  0.501794436 -0.008764181 female 2008
207    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.403609630 -1.15012395  1.429321384  1.357329228   male 2008
208    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.312179694 -1.65793524  0.929883796  0.239616439 female 2008
209    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.884774604 -0.74387492  2.142803651  1.791995313   male 2008
210    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.330465681 -1.50559185  1.286624930  0.612187369 female 2008
211    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.061905174 -0.18528250  2.071455424  1.854090468   male 2008
212    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.007047212 -0.48996927  2.000107198  1.978280778   male 2008
213    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.090112028 -1.50559185  1.357973157  0.612187369 female 2008
214    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.226479060 -1.09934282  1.572017837  1.667805003   male 2008
215    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.677899440 -1.09934282  1.072580250  0.674282524 female 2008
216    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.440181605 -0.79465604  1.429321384  0.984758298   male 2008
217    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.769329377 -0.79465604  1.429321384  1.108948608   male 2008
218    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.458467592 -1.20090508  1.143928476  1.233138918 female 2008
219    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.440181605 -1.09934282  1.072580250  0.612187369 female 2008
220    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.842473326 -0.59153153  2.071455424  1.978280778   male 2008
221    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.641327465 -1.50559185  0.573142662  0.487997059 female 2008
222    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.299623009 -0.43918814  1.357973157  2.226661398   male 2008
223    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.220749757 -1.70871637  1.001232023  0.674282524 female 2008
224    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.220749757 -0.38840701  1.572017837  2.164566243   male 2008
225    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.933903263 -1.35324846  0.787187343  0.519044636 female 2009
226    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.555626832 -0.79465604  1.429321384  1.543614693   male 2009
227    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.623041478 -1.30246733  0.787187343  0.643234946 female 2009
228    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.098477149 -0.64231266  1.643366064  1.419424383   male 2009
229    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.165891795 -1.70871637  0.787187343  0.674282524 female 2009
230    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.244765047  0.06862315  1.928758971  1.729900158   male 2009
231    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.108398015 -1.40402959  1.215276703  0.487997059 female 2009
232    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.336194984 -1.50559185  1.215276703  1.357329228   male 2009
233    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.641327465 -1.60715411  0.787187343  0.829520411 female 2009
234    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.482482882 -0.08372024  2.071455424  1.667805003   male 2009
235    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.641327465 -1.09934282  1.215276703  0.922663143 female 2009
236    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.500768870 -0.03293911  1.928758971  1.481519538   male 2009
237    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.275607719 -1.35324846  0.787187343  0.674282524 female 2009
238    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.007047212 -0.54075040  1.643366064  1.791995313   male 2009
239    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.092747846 -1.25168621  0.929883796  0.798472833 female 2009
240    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.244765047 -0.74387492  1.786062517  1.233138918   male 2009
241    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.988761225 -0.69309379  1.072580250  0.891615566   male 2009
242    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.531611541 -1.30246733  1.500669610  0.829520411 female 2009
243    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.805901351 -1.40402959  0.145053302  0.519044636 female 2009
244    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.299623009 -0.33762588  1.714714291  1.295234073   male 2009
245    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.824187339 -1.09934282  1.286624930  0.798472833 female 2009
246    Gentoo    Biscoe  2.177350401 -0.08372024  1.928758971  1.729900158   male 2009
247    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.586469503 -0.84543717  1.001232023  0.953710721 female 2009
248    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.933903263 -1.09934282  1.928758971  1.605709848   male 2009
249    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.513325554 -0.54075040  1.001232023  1.605709848   male 2009
250    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.419259799 -1.25168621  0.644490889  0.612187369 female 2009
251    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.720200718 -0.69309379  1.286624930  1.605709848   male 2009
252    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.126684002 -1.60715411  0.501794436  0.456949481 female 2009
253    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.751043389 -1.04856169  0.573142662  1.605709848   male 2009
254    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.189907085 -0.99778056  1.072580250  0.984758298 female 2009
255    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.061905174 -0.64231266  2.000107198  2.164566243   male 2009
256    Gentoo    Biscoe -0.090112028 -0.99778056  0.858535569  0.550092214 female 2009
257    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.372766958 -0.43918814  2.071455424  1.605709848   male 2009
258    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.403609630 -1.55637298  1.143928476  0.208568861 female 2009
259    Gentoo    Biscoe  2.031062502 -0.59153153  2.071455424  2.040375933   male 2009
260    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.879045301 -0.48996927  1.500669610  2.226661398   male 2009
261    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.586469503 -1.75949750  0.929883796  0.891615566 female 2009
262    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.513325554 -1.45481072  1.001232023  0.798472833 female 2009
263    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.171621098 -0.74387492  1.500669610  1.916185623   male 2009
264    Gentoo    Biscoe  0.220749757 -1.20090508  0.787187343  1.233138918 female 2009
265    Gentoo    Biscoe  1.080191161 -0.54075040  0.858535569  1.481519538   male 2009
266 Chinstrap     Dream  0.458467592  0.37330992 -0.639777193 -0.878096351 female 2007
267 Chinstrap     Dream  1.098477149  1.18580798 -0.354384285 -0.381335111   male 2007
268 Chinstrap     Dream  1.336194984  1.03346460 -0.568428966 -0.691810886   male 2007
269 Chinstrap     Dream  0.257321732  0.77955895 -0.925170100 -0.847048773 female 2007
270 Chinstrap     Dream  1.592198806  1.33815137 -0.283036059 -0.598668153   male 2007
271 Chinstrap     Dream  0.220749757  0.32252879 -0.211687832 -0.319239956 female 2007
272 Chinstrap     Dream  0.385323643  0.52565331 -1.638652367 -1.188572125 female 2007
273 Chinstrap     Dream  1.336194984  0.52565331 -0.283036059 -0.567620576   male 2007
274 Chinstrap     Dream  0.367037656  0.88112121 -0.425732512 -0.070859336 female 2007
275 Chinstrap     Dream  1.336194984  1.38893250 -0.211687832 -0.629715731   male 2007
276 Chinstrap     Dream  0.476753579  0.32252879 -0.568428966 -0.505525421 female 2007
277 Chinstrap     Dream  1.409338933  1.59205702 -0.497080739 -0.536572998   male 2007
278 Chinstrap     Dream  0.549897529  0.06862315 -1.139214780 -0.629715731 female 2007
279 Chinstrap     Dream  1.464196895  0.47487218  0.002356848 -0.195049646   male 2007
280 Chinstrap     Dream  0.348751668 -0.03293911 -0.782473646 -0.784953618 female 2007
281 Chinstrap     Dream  1.189907085  1.23658911  0.002356848 -0.195049646   male 2007
282 Chinstrap     Dream  1.153335110  1.43971363 -0.283036059 -1.126476970   male 2007
283 Chinstrap     Dream  2.561356135  0.32252879 -1.424607687 -0.629715731 female 2007
284 Chinstrap     Dream  0.440181605  0.72877782 -0.782473646 -0.940191505 female 2007
285 Chinstrap     Dream  0.952189250  0.52565331 -0.425732512  0.239616439   male 2007
286 Chinstrap     Dream -0.291257888  0.06862315 -1.424607687 -0.753906041 female 2007
287 Chinstrap     Dream  0.824187339  0.17018541 -0.711125419 -1.002286660   male 2007
288 Chinstrap     Dream -0.144969990 -0.28684476 -0.996518326 -1.623238210 female 2007
289 Chinstrap     Dream  1.208193072  1.13502686 -0.568428966 -0.505525421   male 2007
290 Chinstrap     Dream  0.495039567  0.37330992 -0.425732512 -1.126476970 female 2007
291 Chinstrap     Dream  1.464196895  0.93190234 -0.283036059 -0.070859336   male 2007
292 Chinstrap     Dream  1.189907085  0.62721557 -0.068991378 -1.002286660 female 2008
293 Chinstrap     Dream  1.007047212  0.93190234 -0.068991378 -0.505525421   male 2008
294 Chinstrap     Dream  0.440181605  0.32252879 -0.711125419 -0.629715731 female 2008
295 Chinstrap     Dream  1.610484794  1.43971363  0.287749755  0.425901904   male 2008
296 Chinstrap     Dream -0.565547698 -0.28684476 -0.996518326 -1.250667280 female 2008
297 Chinstrap     Dream  1.866488616  1.84596266  0.002356848  0.115426129   male 2008
298 Chinstrap     Dream -0.272971901 -0.23606363 -0.996518326 -1.064381815 female 2008
299 Chinstrap     Dream  1.281337022  0.83034008  0.145053302 -0.132954491   male 2008
300 Chinstrap     Dream  1.043619187  0.72877782 -0.425732512 -0.753906041   male 2008
301 Chinstrap     Dream  0.641327465 -0.18528250 -0.140339605 -0.381335111 female 2008
302 Chinstrap     Dream  0.659613453  0.57643444 -0.425732512 -0.443430266 female 2008
303 Chinstrap     Dream  1.464196895  1.79518153  0.644490889  0.736377679   male 2008
304 Chinstrap     Dream  0.531611541 -0.28684476 -0.639777193 -1.871618830 female 2008
305 Chinstrap     Dream  1.738486705  1.38893250  0.287749755  0.363806749   male 2008
306 Chinstrap     Dream  0.915617275  1.18580798  0.644490889 -0.319239956   male 2008
307 Chinstrap     Dream  0.403609630  0.17018541 -0.996518326 -0.691810886 female 2008
308 Chinstrap     Dream  1.263051034  0.98268347 -0.354384285 -0.816001196   male 2008
309 Chinstrap     Dream  0.275607719 -0.08372024 -0.354384285 -0.878096351 female 2008
310 Chinstrap     Dream  1.263051034  0.37330992 -0.354384285 -0.660763308 female 2009
311 Chinstrap     Dream  1.244765047  0.67799669  0.002356848  0.301711594   male 2009
312 Chinstrap     Dream  1.116763136  0.37330992 -0.782473646 -1.002286660 female 2009
313 Chinstrap     Dream  0.915617275  1.23658911  0.787187343  0.115426129   male 2009
314 Chinstrap     Dream  1.372766958  0.77955895 -0.996518326 -1.188572125   male 2009
315 Chinstrap     Dream  1.061905174  0.06862315 -0.211687832 -0.660763308 female 2009
316 Chinstrap     Dream  0.751043389 -0.38840701 -0.140339605 -1.095429393 female 2009
317 Chinstrap     Dream  1.354480971  0.93190234  0.002356848 -0.319239956   male 2009
318 Chinstrap     Dream  0.312179694  0.06862315 -0.568428966 -0.753906041 female 2009
319 Chinstrap     Dream  1.226479060  1.28737024  0.145053302 -0.195049646   male 2009
320 Chinstrap     Dream -0.272971901  0.06862315 -0.996518326 -1.064381815 female 2009
321 Chinstrap     Dream  1.500768870  0.83034008 -0.283036059 -0.940191505   male 2009
322 Chinstrap     Dream  0.220749757 -0.28684476 -0.711125419 -1.188572125 female 2009
323 Chinstrap     Dream  0.970475237  1.38893250  0.145053302 -0.195049646   male 2009
324 Chinstrap     Dream  1.135049123  0.83034008  0.073705075 -0.505525421   male 2009
325 Chinstrap     Dream  0.293893706  1.13502686 -0.497080739 -0.847048773 female 2009
326 Chinstrap     Dream  1.445910908  1.18580798  0.359097982 -0.319239956   male 2009
327 Chinstrap     Dream  0.513325554 -0.33762588 -0.853821873 -0.691810886 female 2009
328 Chinstrap     Dream  0.312179694 -0.08372024 -0.425732512 -0.691810886 female 2009
329 Chinstrap     Dream  2.159064413  1.33815137  0.430446209 -0.257144801   male 2009
330 Chinstrap     Dream -0.090112028  0.47487218  0.073705075 -1.002286660 female 2009
331 Chinstrap     Dream  1.025333199  0.52565331 -0.568428966 -0.536572998   male 2009
332 Chinstrap     Dream  1.244765047  0.93190234  0.644490889 -0.132954491   male 2009
333 Chinstrap     Dream  1.135049123  0.77955895 -0.211687832 -0.536572998 female 2009

Rename output columns

penguins |>
  mutate(
    across(
      .cols = c(where(is.numeric), -year),
      .fns = \(x) scale(x) |> as.numeric(),
      .names = "{.col}_sc"
    )
  )

      species    island bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass    sex year  bill_len_sc
1      Adelie Torgersen     39.1     18.7         181      3750   male 2007 -0.894695470
2      Adelie Torgersen     39.5     17.4         186      3800 female 2007 -0.821551521
3      Adelie Torgersen     40.3     18.0         195      3250 female 2007 -0.675263622
4      Adelie Torgersen     36.7     19.3         193      3450 female 2007 -1.333559166
5      Adelie Torgersen     39.3     20.6         190      3650   male 2007 -0.858123495
6      Adelie Torgersen     38.9     17.8         181      3625 female 2007 -0.931267445
7      Adelie Torgersen     39.2     19.6         195      4675   male 2007 -0.876409483
8      Adelie Torgersen     41.1     17.6         182      3200 female 2007 -0.528975723
9      Adelie Torgersen     38.6     21.2         191      3800   male 2007 -0.986125407
10     Adelie Torgersen     34.6     21.1         198      4400   male 2007 -1.717564900
11     Adelie Torgersen     36.6     17.8         185      3700 female 2007 -1.351845153
12     Adelie Torgersen     38.7     19.0         195      3450 female 2007 -0.967839419
13     Adelie Torgersen     42.5     20.7         197      4500   male 2007 -0.272971901
14     Adelie Torgersen     34.4     18.4         184      3325 female 2007 -1.754136874
15     Adelie Torgersen     46.0     21.5         194      4200   male 2007  0.367037656
16     Adelie    Biscoe     37.8     18.3         174      3400 female 2007 -1.132413305
17     Adelie    Biscoe     37.7     18.7         180      3600   male 2007 -1.150699292
18     Adelie    Biscoe     35.9     19.2         189      3800 female 2007 -1.479847064
19     Adelie    Biscoe     38.2     18.1         185      3950   male 2007 -1.059269356
20     Adelie    Biscoe     38.8     17.2         180      3800   male 2007 -0.949553432
21     Adelie    Biscoe     35.3     18.9         187      3800 female 2007 -1.589562988
22     Adelie    Biscoe     40.6     18.6         183      3550   male 2007 -0.620405660
23     Adelie    Biscoe     40.5     17.9         187      3200 female 2007 -0.638691647
24     Adelie    Biscoe     37.9     18.6         172      3150 female 2007 -1.114127318
25     Adelie    Biscoe     40.5     18.9         180      3950   male 2007 -0.638691647
26     Adelie     Dream     39.5     16.7         178      3250 female 2007 -0.821551521
27     Adelie     Dream     37.2     18.1         178      3900   male 2007 -1.242129229
28     Adelie     Dream     39.5     17.8         188      3300 female 2007 -0.821551521
29     Adelie     Dream     40.9     18.9         184      3900   male 2007 -0.565547698
30     Adelie     Dream     36.4     17.0         195      3325 female 2007 -1.388417128
31     Adelie     Dream     39.2     21.1         196      4150   male 2007 -0.876409483
32     Adelie     Dream     38.8     20.0         190      3950   male 2007 -0.949553432
33     Adelie     Dream     42.2     18.5         180      3550 female 2007 -0.327829863
34     Adelie     Dream     37.6     19.3         181      3300 female 2007 -1.168985280
35     Adelie     Dream     39.8     19.1         184      4650   male 2007 -0.766693559
36     Adelie     Dream     36.5     18.0         182      3150 female 2007 -1.370131140
37     Adelie     Dream     40.8     18.4         195      3900   male 2007 -0.583833685
38     Adelie     Dream     36.0     18.5         186      3100 female 2007 -1.461561077
39     Adelie     Dream     44.1     19.7         196      4400   male 2007  0.019603896
40     Adelie     Dream     37.0     16.9         185      3000 female 2007 -1.278701204
41     Adelie     Dream     39.6     18.8         190      4600   male 2007 -0.803265533
42     Adelie     Dream     41.1     19.0         182      3425   male 2007 -0.528975723
43     Adelie     Dream     36.0     17.9         190      3450 female 2007 -1.461561077
44     Adelie     Dream     42.3     21.2         191      4150   male 2007 -0.309543876
45     Adelie    Biscoe     39.6     17.7         186      3500 female 2008 -0.803265533
46     Adelie    Biscoe     40.1     18.9         188      4300   male 2008 -0.711835597
47     Adelie    Biscoe     35.0     17.9         190      3450 female 2008 -1.644420950
48     Adelie    Biscoe     42.0     19.5         200      4050   male 2008 -0.364401838
49     Adelie    Biscoe     34.5     18.1         187      2900 female 2008 -1.735850887
50     Adelie    Biscoe     41.4     18.6         191      3700   male 2008 -0.474117761
51     Adelie    Biscoe     39.0     17.5         186      3550 female 2008 -0.912981457
52     Adelie    Biscoe     40.6     18.8         193      3800   male 2008 -0.620405660
53     Adelie    Biscoe     36.5     16.6         181      2850 female 2008 -1.370131140
54     Adelie    Biscoe     37.6     19.1         194      3750   male 2008 -1.168985280
55     Adelie    Biscoe     35.7     16.9         185      3150 female 2008 -1.516419039
56     Adelie    Biscoe     41.3     21.1         195      4400   male 2008 -0.492403749
57     Adelie    Biscoe     37.6     17.0         185      3600 female 2008 -1.168985280
58     Adelie    Biscoe     41.1     18.2         192      4050   male 2008 -0.528975723
59     Adelie    Biscoe     36.4     17.1         184      2850 female 2008 -1.388417128
60     Adelie    Biscoe     41.6     18.0         192      3950   male 2008 -0.437545787
61     Adelie    Biscoe     35.5     16.2         195      3350 female 2008 -1.552991014
62     Adelie    Biscoe     41.1     19.1         188      4100   male 2008 -0.528975723
63     Adelie Torgersen     35.9     16.6         190      3050 female 2008 -1.479847064
64     Adelie Torgersen     41.8     19.4         198      4450   male 2008 -0.400973812
65     Adelie Torgersen     33.5     19.0         190      3600 female 2008 -1.918710760
66     Adelie Torgersen     39.7     18.4         190      3900   male 2008 -0.784979546
67     Adelie Torgersen     39.6     17.2         196      3550 female 2008 -0.803265533
68     Adelie Torgersen     45.8     18.9         197      4150   male 2008  0.330465681
69     Adelie Torgersen     35.5     17.5         190      3700 female 2008 -1.552991014
70     Adelie Torgersen     42.8     18.5         195      4250   male 2008 -0.218113939
71     Adelie Torgersen     40.9     16.8         191      3700 female 2008 -0.565547698
72     Adelie Torgersen     37.2     19.4         184      3900   male 2008 -1.242129229
73     Adelie Torgersen     36.2     16.1         187      3550 female 2008 -1.424989102
74     Adelie Torgersen     42.1     19.1         195      4000   male 2008 -0.346115850
75     Adelie Torgersen     34.6     17.2         189      3200 female 2008 -1.717564900
76     Adelie Torgersen     42.9     17.6         196      4700   male 2008 -0.199827952
77     Adelie Torgersen     36.7     18.8         187      3800 female 2008 -1.333559166
78     Adelie Torgersen     35.1     19.4         193      4200   male 2008 -1.626134963
79     Adelie     Dream     37.3     17.8         191      3350 female 2008 -1.223843242
80     Adelie     Dream     41.3     20.3         194      3550   male 2008 -0.492403749
81     Adelie     Dream     36.3     19.5         190      3800   male 2008 -1.406703115
82     Adelie     Dream     36.9     18.6         189      3500 female 2008 -1.296987191
83     Adelie     Dream     38.3     19.2         189      3950   male 2008 -1.040983369
84     Adelie     Dream     38.9     18.8         190      3600 female 2008 -0.931267445
85     Adelie     Dream     35.7     18.0         202      3550 female 2008 -1.516419039
86     Adelie     Dream     41.1     18.1         205      4300   male 2008 -0.528975723
87     Adelie     Dream     34.0     17.1         185      3400 female 2008 -1.827280824
88     Adelie     Dream     39.6     18.1         186      4450   male 2008 -0.803265533
89     Adelie     Dream     36.2     17.3         187      3300 female 2008 -1.424989102
90     Adelie     Dream     40.8     18.9         208      4300   male 2008 -0.583833685
91     Adelie     Dream     38.1     18.6         190      3700 female 2008 -1.077555343
92     Adelie     Dream     40.3     18.5         196      4350   male 2008 -0.675263622
93     Adelie     Dream     33.1     16.1         178      2900 female 2008 -1.991854709
94     Adelie     Dream     43.2     18.5         192      4100   male 2008 -0.144969990
95     Adelie    Biscoe     35.0     17.9         192      3725 female 2009 -1.644420950
96     Adelie    Biscoe     41.0     20.0         203      4725   male 2009 -0.547261711
97     Adelie    Biscoe     37.7     16.0         183      3075 female 2009 -1.150699292
98     Adelie    Biscoe     37.8     20.0         190      4250   male 2009 -1.132413305
99     Adelie    Biscoe     37.9     18.6         193      2925 female 2009 -1.114127318
100    Adelie    Biscoe     39.7     18.9         184      3550   male 2009 -0.784979546
101    Adelie    Biscoe     38.6     17.2         199      3750 female 2009 -0.986125407
102    Adelie    Biscoe     38.2     20.0         190      3900   male 2009 -1.059269356
103    Adelie    Biscoe     38.1     17.0         181      3175 female 2009 -1.077555343
104    Adelie    Biscoe     43.2     19.0         197      4775   male 2009 -0.144969990
105    Adelie    Biscoe     38.1     16.5         198      3825 female 2009 -1.077555343
106    Adelie    Biscoe     45.6     20.3         191      4600   male 2009  0.293893706
107    Adelie    Biscoe     39.7     17.7         193      3200 female 2009 -0.784979546
108    Adelie    Biscoe     42.2     19.5         197      4275   male 2009 -0.327829863
109    Adelie    Biscoe     39.6     20.7         191      3900 female 2009 -0.803265533
110    Adelie    Biscoe     42.7     18.3         196      4075   male 2009 -0.236399926
111    Adelie Torgersen     38.6     17.0         188      2900 female 2009 -0.986125407
112    Adelie Torgersen     37.3     20.5         199      3775   male 2009 -1.223843242
113    Adelie Torgersen     35.7     17.0         189      3350 female 2009 -1.516419039
114    Adelie Torgersen     41.1     18.6         189      3325   male 2009 -0.528975723
115    Adelie Torgersen     36.2     17.2         187      3150 female 2009 -1.424989102
116    Adelie Torgersen     37.7     19.8         198      3500   male 2009 -1.150699292
117    Adelie Torgersen     40.2     17.0         176      3450 female 2009 -0.693549609
118    Adelie Torgersen     41.4     18.5         202      3875   male 2009 -0.474117761
119    Adelie Torgersen     35.2     15.9         186      3050 female 2009 -1.607848976
120    Adelie Torgersen     40.6     19.0         199      4000   male 2009 -0.620405660
121    Adelie Torgersen     38.8     17.6         191      3275 female 2009 -0.949553432
122    Adelie Torgersen     41.5     18.3         195      4300   male 2009 -0.455831774
123    Adelie Torgersen     39.0     17.1         191      3050 female 2009 -0.912981457
124    Adelie Torgersen     44.1     18.0         210      4000   male 2009  0.019603896
125    Adelie Torgersen     38.5     17.9         190      3325 female 2009 -1.004411394
126    Adelie Torgersen     43.1     19.2         197      3500   male 2009 -0.163255977
127    Adelie     Dream     36.8     18.5         193      3500 female 2009 -1.315273178
128    Adelie     Dream     37.5     18.5         199      4475   male 2009 -1.187271267
129    Adelie     Dream     38.1     17.6         187      3425 female 2009 -1.077555343
130    Adelie     Dream     41.1     17.5         190      3900   male 2009 -0.528975723
131    Adelie     Dream     35.6     17.5         191      3175 female 2009 -1.534705026
132    Adelie     Dream     40.2     20.1         200      3975   male 2009 -0.693549609
133    Adelie     Dream     37.0     16.5         185      3400 female 2009 -1.278701204
134    Adelie     Dream     39.7     17.9         193      4250   male 2009 -0.784979546
135    Adelie     Dream     40.2     17.1         193      3400 female 2009 -0.693549609
136    Adelie     Dream     40.6     17.2         187      3475   male 2009 -0.620405660
137    Adelie     Dream     32.1     15.5         188      3050 female 2009 -2.174714583
138    Adelie     Dream     40.7     17.0         190      3725   male 2009 -0.602119673
139    Adelie     Dream     37.3     16.8         192      3000 female 2009 -1.223843242
140    Adelie     Dream     39.0     18.7         185      3650   male 2009 -0.912981457
141    Adelie     Dream     39.2     18.6         190      4250   male 2009 -0.876409483
142    Adelie     Dream     36.6     18.4         184      3475 female 2009 -1.351845153
143    Adelie     Dream     36.0     17.8         195      3450 female 2009 -1.461561077
144    Adelie     Dream     37.8     18.1         193      3750   male 2009 -1.132413305
145    Adelie     Dream     36.0     17.1         187      3700 female 2009 -1.461561077
146    Adelie     Dream     41.5     18.5         201      4000   male 2009 -0.455831774
147    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.1     13.2         211      4500 female 2007  0.385323643
148    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.0     16.3         230      5700   male 2007  1.098477149
149    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.7     14.1         210      4450 female 2007  0.860759313
150    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.0     15.2         218      5700   male 2007  1.098477149
151    Gentoo    Biscoe     47.6     14.5         215      5400   male 2007  0.659613453
152    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.5     13.5         210      4550 female 2007  0.458467592
153    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.4     14.6         211      4800 female 2007  0.257321732
154    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.7     15.3         219      5200   male 2007  0.495039567
155    Gentoo    Biscoe     43.3     13.4         209      4400 female 2007 -0.126684002
156    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.8     15.4         215      5150   male 2007  0.513325554
157    Gentoo    Biscoe     40.9     13.7         214      4650 female 2007 -0.565547698
158    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.0     16.1         216      5550   male 2007  0.915617275
159    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.5     13.7         214      4650 female 2007  0.275607719
160    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.4     14.6         213      5850   male 2007  0.805901351
161    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.8     14.6         210      4200 female 2007  0.330465681
162    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.3     15.7         217      5850   male 2007  0.970475237
163    Gentoo    Biscoe     42.0     13.5         210      4150 female 2007 -0.364401838
164    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.2     15.2         221      6300   male 2007  0.952189250
165    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.2     14.5         209      4800 female 2007  0.403609630
166    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.7     15.1         222      5350   male 2007  0.860759313
167    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.2     14.3         218      5700   male 2007  1.135049123
168    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.1     14.5         215      5000 female 2007  0.202463770
169    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.5     14.5         213      4400 female 2007  0.458467592
170    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.3     15.8         215      5050   male 2007  0.421895617
171    Gentoo    Biscoe     42.9     13.1         215      5000 female 2007 -0.199827952
172    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.1     15.1         215      5100   male 2007  0.385323643
173    Gentoo    Biscoe     47.8     15.0         215      5650   male 2007  0.696185427
174    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.2     14.3         210      4600 female 2007  0.769329377
175    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.0     15.3         220      5550   male 2007  1.098477149
176    Gentoo    Biscoe     47.3     15.3         222      5250   male 2007  0.604755491
177    Gentoo    Biscoe     42.8     14.2         209      4700 female 2007 -0.218113939
178    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.1     14.5         207      5050 female 2007  0.202463770
179    Gentoo    Biscoe     59.6     17.0         230      6050   male 2007  2.853931932
180    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.1     14.8         220      5150 female 2008  0.933903263
181    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.4     16.3         220      5400   male 2008  0.805901351
182    Gentoo    Biscoe     42.6     13.7         213      4950 female 2008 -0.254685914
183    Gentoo    Biscoe     44.4     17.3         219      5250   male 2008  0.074461858
184    Gentoo    Biscoe     44.0     13.6         208      4350 female 2008  0.001317909
185    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.7     15.7         208      5350   male 2008  0.860759313
186    Gentoo    Biscoe     42.7     13.7         208      3950 female 2008 -0.236399926
187    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.6     16.0         225      5700   male 2008  1.025333199
188    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.3     13.7         210      4300 female 2008  0.239035744
189    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.6     15.0         216      4750   male 2008  1.025333199
190    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.5     15.9         222      5550   male 2008  1.189907085
191    Gentoo    Biscoe     43.6     13.9         217      4900 female 2008 -0.071826040
192    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.5     13.9         210      4200 female 2008  0.275607719
193    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.5     15.9         225      5400   male 2008  1.189907085
194    Gentoo    Biscoe     44.9     13.3         213      5100 female 2008  0.165891795
195    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.2     15.8         215      5300   male 2008  0.220749757
196    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.6     14.2         210      4850 female 2008  0.476753579
197    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.5     14.1         220      5300   male 2008  0.824187339
198    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.1     14.4         210      4400 female 2008  0.202463770
199    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.1     15.0         225      5000   male 2008  1.116763136
200    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.5     14.4         217      4900 female 2008  0.458467592
201    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.0     15.4         220      5050   male 2008  0.184177782
202    Gentoo    Biscoe     43.8     13.9         208      4300 female 2008 -0.035254066
203    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.5     15.0         220      5000   male 2008  0.275607719
204    Gentoo    Biscoe     43.2     14.5         208      4450 female 2008 -0.144969990
205    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.4     15.3         224      5550   male 2008  1.171621098
206    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.3     13.8         208      4200 female 2008  0.239035744
207    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.2     14.9         221      5300   male 2008  0.403609630
208    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.7     13.9         214      4400 female 2008  0.312179694
209    Gentoo    Biscoe     54.3     15.7         231      5650   male 2008  1.884774604
210    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.8     14.2         219      4700 female 2008  0.330465681
211    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.8     16.8         230      5700   male 2008  1.061905174
212    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.5     16.2         229      5800   male 2008  1.007047212
213    Gentoo    Biscoe     43.5     14.2         220      4700 female 2008 -0.090112028
214    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.7     15.0         223      5550   male 2008  1.226479060
215    Gentoo    Biscoe     47.7     15.0         216      4750 female 2008  0.677899440
216    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.4     15.6         221      5000   male 2008  0.440181605
217    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.2     15.6         221      5100   male 2008  0.769329377
218    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.5     14.8         217      5200 female 2008  0.458467592
219    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.4     15.0         216      4700 female 2008  0.440181605
220    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.6     16.0         230      5800   male 2008  0.842473326
221    Gentoo    Biscoe     47.5     14.2         209      4600 female 2008  0.641327465
222    Gentoo    Biscoe     51.1     16.3         220      6000   male 2008  1.299623009
223    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.2     13.8         215      4750 female 2008  0.220749757
224    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.2     16.4         223      5950   male 2008  0.220749757
225    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.1     14.5         212      4625 female 2009  0.933903263
226    Gentoo    Biscoe     52.5     15.6         221      5450   male 2009  1.555626832
227    Gentoo    Biscoe     47.4     14.6         212      4725 female 2009  0.623041478
228    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.0     15.9         224      5350   male 2009  1.098477149
229    Gentoo    Biscoe     44.9     13.8         212      4750 female 2009  0.165891795
230    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.8     17.3         228      5600   male 2009  1.244765047
231    Gentoo    Biscoe     43.4     14.4         218      4600 female 2009 -0.108398015
232    Gentoo    Biscoe     51.3     14.2         218      5300   male 2009  1.336194984
233    Gentoo    Biscoe     47.5     14.0         212      4875 female 2009  0.641327465
234    Gentoo    Biscoe     52.1     17.0         230      5550   male 2009  1.482482882
235    Gentoo    Biscoe     47.5     15.0         218      4950 female 2009  0.641327465
236    Gentoo    Biscoe     52.2     17.1         228      5400   male 2009  1.500768870
237    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.5     14.5         212      4750 female 2009  0.275607719
238    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.5     16.1         224      5650   male 2009  1.007047212
239    Gentoo    Biscoe     44.5     14.7         214      4850 female 2009  0.092747846
240    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.8     15.7         226      5200   male 2009  1.244765047
241    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.4     15.8         216      4925   male 2009  0.988761225
242    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.9     14.6         222      4875 female 2009  0.531611541
243    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.4     14.4         203      4625 female 2009  0.805901351
244    Gentoo    Biscoe     51.1     16.5         225      5250   male 2009  1.299623009
245    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.5     15.0         219      4850 female 2009  0.824187339
246    Gentoo    Biscoe     55.9     17.0         228      5600   male 2009  2.177350401
247    Gentoo    Biscoe     47.2     15.5         215      4975 female 2009  0.586469503
248    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.1     15.0         228      5500   male 2009  0.933903263
249    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.8     16.1         215      5500   male 2009  0.513325554
250    Gentoo    Biscoe     41.7     14.7         210      4700 female 2009 -0.419259799
251    Gentoo    Biscoe     53.4     15.8         219      5500   male 2009  1.720200718
252    Gentoo    Biscoe     43.3     14.0         208      4575 female 2009 -0.126684002
253    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.1     15.1         209      5500   male 2009  0.751043389
254    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.5     15.2         216      5000 female 2009  1.189907085
255    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.8     15.9         229      5950   male 2009  1.061905174
256    Gentoo    Biscoe     43.5     15.2         213      4650 female 2009 -0.090112028
257    Gentoo    Biscoe     51.5     16.3         230      5500   male 2009  1.372766958
258    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.2     14.1         217      4375 female 2009  0.403609630
259    Gentoo    Biscoe     55.1     16.0         230      5850   male 2009  2.031062502
260    Gentoo    Biscoe     48.8     16.2         222      6000   male 2009  0.879045301
261    Gentoo    Biscoe     47.2     13.7         214      4925 female 2009  0.586469503
262    Gentoo    Biscoe     46.8     14.3         215      4850 female 2009  0.513325554
263    Gentoo    Biscoe     50.4     15.7         222      5750   male 2009  1.171621098
264    Gentoo    Biscoe     45.2     14.8         212      5200 female 2009  0.220749757
265    Gentoo    Biscoe     49.9     16.1         213      5400   male 2009  1.080191161
266 Chinstrap     Dream     46.5     17.9         192      3500 female 2007  0.458467592
267 Chinstrap     Dream     50.0     19.5         196      3900   male 2007  1.098477149
268 Chinstrap     Dream     51.3     19.2         193      3650   male 2007  1.336194984
269 Chinstrap     Dream     45.4     18.7         188      3525 female 2007  0.257321732
270 Chinstrap     Dream     52.7     19.8         197      3725   male 2007  1.592198806
271 Chinstrap     Dream     45.2     17.8         198      3950 female 2007  0.220749757
272 Chinstrap     Dream     46.1     18.2         178      3250 female 2007  0.385323643
273 Chinstrap     Dream     51.3     18.2         197      3750   male 2007  1.336194984
274 Chinstrap     Dream     46.0     18.9         195      4150 female 2007  0.367037656
275 Chinstrap     Dream     51.3     19.9         198      3700   male 2007  1.336194984
276 Chinstrap     Dream     46.6     17.8         193      3800 female 2007  0.476753579
277 Chinstrap     Dream     51.7     20.3         194      3775   male 2007  1.409338933
278 Chinstrap     Dream     47.0     17.3         185      3700 female 2007  0.549897529
279 Chinstrap     Dream     52.0     18.1         201      4050   male 2007  1.464196895
280 Chinstrap     Dream     45.9     17.1         190      3575 female 2007  0.348751668
281 Chinstrap     Dream     50.5     19.6         201      4050   male 2007  1.189907085
282 Chinstrap     Dream     50.3     20.0         197      3300   male 2007  1.153335110
283 Chinstrap     Dream     58.0     17.8         181      3700 female 2007  2.561356135
284 Chinstrap     Dream     46.4     18.6         190      3450 female 2007  0.440181605
285 Chinstrap     Dream     49.2     18.2         195      4400   male 2007  0.952189250
286 Chinstrap     Dream     42.4     17.3         181      3600 female 2007 -0.291257888
287 Chinstrap     Dream     48.5     17.5         191      3400   male 2007  0.824187339
288 Chinstrap     Dream     43.2     16.6         187      2900 female 2007 -0.144969990
289 Chinstrap     Dream     50.6     19.4         193      3800   male 2007  1.208193072
290 Chinstrap     Dream     46.7     17.9         195      3300 female 2007  0.495039567
291 Chinstrap     Dream     52.0     19.0         197      4150   male 2007  1.464196895
292 Chinstrap     Dream     50.5     18.4         200      3400 female 2008  1.189907085
293 Chinstrap     Dream     49.5     19.0         200      3800   male 2008  1.007047212
294 Chinstrap     Dream     46.4     17.8         191      3700 female 2008  0.440181605
295 Chinstrap     Dream     52.8     20.0         205      4550   male 2008  1.610484794
296 Chinstrap     Dream     40.9     16.6         187      3200 female 2008 -0.565547698
297 Chinstrap     Dream     54.2     20.8         201      4300   male 2008  1.866488616
298 Chinstrap     Dream     42.5     16.7         187      3350 female 2008 -0.272971901
299 Chinstrap     Dream     51.0     18.8         203      4100   male 2008  1.281337022
300 Chinstrap     Dream     49.7     18.6         195      3600   male 2008  1.043619187
301 Chinstrap     Dream     47.5     16.8         199      3900 female 2008  0.641327465
302 Chinstrap     Dream     47.6     18.3         195      3850 female 2008  0.659613453
303 Chinstrap     Dream     52.0     20.7         210      4800   male 2008  1.464196895
304 Chinstrap     Dream     46.9     16.6         192      2700 female 2008  0.531611541
305 Chinstrap     Dream     53.5     19.9         205      4500   male 2008  1.738486705
306 Chinstrap     Dream     49.0     19.5         210      3950   male 2008  0.915617275
307 Chinstrap     Dream     46.2     17.5         187      3650 female 2008  0.403609630
308 Chinstrap     Dream     50.9     19.1         196      3550   male 2008  1.263051034
309 Chinstrap     Dream     45.5     17.0         196      3500 female 2008  0.275607719
310 Chinstrap     Dream     50.9     17.9         196      3675 female 2009  1.263051034
311 Chinstrap     Dream     50.8     18.5         201      4450   male 2009  1.244765047
312 Chinstrap     Dream     50.1     17.9         190      3400 female 2009  1.116763136
313 Chinstrap     Dream     49.0     19.6         212      4300   male 2009  0.915617275
314 Chinstrap     Dream     51.5     18.7         187      3250   male 2009  1.372766958
315 Chinstrap     Dream     49.8     17.3         198      3675 female 2009  1.061905174
316 Chinstrap     Dream     48.1     16.4         199      3325 female 2009  0.751043389
317 Chinstrap     Dream     51.4     19.0         201      3950   male 2009  1.354480971
318 Chinstrap     Dream     45.7     17.3         193      3600 female 2009  0.312179694
319 Chinstrap     Dream     50.7     19.7         203      4050   male 2009  1.226479060
320 Chinstrap     Dream     42.5     17.3         187      3350 female 2009 -0.272971901
321 Chinstrap     Dream     52.2     18.8         197      3450   male 2009  1.500768870
322 Chinstrap     Dream     45.2     16.6         191      3250 female 2009  0.220749757
323 Chinstrap     Dream     49.3     19.9         203      4050   male 2009  0.970475237
324 Chinstrap     Dream     50.2     18.8         202      3800   male 2009  1.135049123
325 Chinstrap     Dream     45.6     19.4         194      3525 female 2009  0.293893706
326 Chinstrap     Dream     51.9     19.5         206      3950   male 2009  1.445910908
327 Chinstrap     Dream     46.8     16.5         189      3650 female 2009  0.513325554
328 Chinstrap     Dream     45.7     17.0         195      3650 female 2009  0.312179694
329 Chinstrap     Dream     55.8     19.8         207      4000   male 2009  2.159064413
330 Chinstrap     Dream     43.5     18.1         202      3400 female 2009 -0.090112028
331 Chinstrap     Dream     49.6     18.2         193      3775   male 2009  1.025333199
332 Chinstrap     Dream     50.8     19.0         210      4100   male 2009  1.244765047
333 Chinstrap     Dream     50.2     18.7         198      3775 female 2009  1.135049123
    bill_dep_sc flipper_len_sc body_mass_sc
1    0.77955895   -1.424607687 -0.567620576
2    0.11940428   -1.067866553 -0.505525421
3    0.42409105   -0.425732512 -1.188572125
4    1.08424573   -0.568428966 -0.940191505
5    1.74440040   -0.782473646 -0.691810886
6    0.32252879   -1.424607687 -0.722858463
7    1.23658911   -0.425732512  0.581139791
8    0.22096653   -1.353259460 -1.250667280
9    2.04908718   -0.711125419 -0.505525421
10   1.99830605   -0.211687832  0.239616439
11   0.32252879   -1.139214780 -0.629715731
12   0.93190234   -0.425732512 -0.940191505
13   1.79518153   -0.283036059  0.363806749
14   0.62721557   -1.210563007 -1.095429393
15   2.20143056   -0.497080739 -0.008764181
16   0.57643444   -1.924045274 -1.002286660
17   0.77955895   -1.495955914 -0.753906041
18   1.03346460   -0.853821873 -0.505525421
19   0.47487218   -1.139214780 -0.319239956
20   0.01784202   -1.495955914 -0.505525421
21   0.88112121   -0.996518326 -0.505525421
22   0.72877782   -1.281911233 -0.816001196
23   0.37330992   -0.996518326 -1.250667280
24   0.72877782   -2.066741728 -1.312762435
25   0.88112121   -1.495955914 -0.319239956
26  -0.23606363   -1.638652367 -1.188572125
27   0.47487218   -1.638652367 -0.381335111
28   0.32252879   -0.925170100 -1.126476970
29   0.88112121   -1.210563007 -0.381335111
30  -0.08372024   -0.425732512 -1.095429393
31   1.99830605   -0.354384285 -0.070859336
32   1.43971363   -0.782473646 -0.319239956
33   0.67799669   -1.495955914 -0.816001196
34   1.08424573   -1.424607687 -1.126476970
35   0.98268347   -1.210563007  0.550092214
36   0.42409105   -1.353259460 -1.312762435
37   0.62721557   -0.425732512 -0.381335111
38   0.67799669   -1.067866553 -1.374857590
39   1.28737024   -0.354384285  0.239616439
40  -0.13450137   -1.139214780 -1.499047900
41   0.83034008   -0.782473646  0.487997059
42   0.93190234   -1.353259460 -0.971239083
43   0.37330992   -0.782473646 -0.940191505
44   2.04908718   -0.711125419 -0.070859336
45   0.27174766   -1.067866553 -0.878096351
46   0.88112121   -0.925170100  0.115426129
47   0.37330992   -0.782473646 -0.940191505
48   1.18580798   -0.068991378 -0.195049646
49   0.47487218   -0.996518326 -1.623238210
50   0.72877782   -0.711125419 -0.629715731
51   0.17018541   -1.067866553 -0.816001196
52   0.83034008   -0.568428966 -0.505525421
53  -0.28684476   -1.424607687 -1.685333365
54   0.98268347   -0.497080739 -0.567620576
55  -0.13450137   -1.139214780 -1.312762435
56   1.99830605   -0.425732512  0.239616439
57  -0.08372024   -1.139214780 -0.753906041
58   0.52565331   -0.639777193 -0.195049646
59  -0.03293911   -1.210563007 -1.685333365
60   0.42409105   -0.639777193 -0.319239956
61  -0.48996927   -0.425732512 -1.064381815
62   0.98268347   -0.925170100 -0.132954491
63  -0.28684476   -0.782473646 -1.436952745
64   1.13502686   -0.211687832  0.301711594
65   0.93190234   -0.782473646 -0.753906041
66   0.62721557   -0.782473646 -0.381335111
67   0.01784202   -0.354384285 -0.816001196
68   0.88112121   -0.283036059 -0.070859336
69   0.17018541   -0.782473646 -0.629715731
70   0.67799669   -0.425732512  0.053330974
71  -0.18528250   -0.711125419 -0.629715731
72   1.13502686   -1.210563007 -0.381335111
73  -0.54075040   -0.996518326 -0.816001196
74   0.98268347   -0.425732512 -0.257144801
75   0.01784202   -0.853821873 -1.250667280
76   0.22096653   -0.354384285  0.612187369
77   0.83034008   -0.996518326 -0.505525421
78   1.13502686   -0.568428966 -0.008764181
79   0.32252879   -0.711125419 -1.064381815
80   1.59205702   -0.497080739 -0.816001196
81   1.18580798   -0.782473646 -0.505525421
82   0.72877782   -0.853821873 -0.878096351
83   1.03346460   -0.853821873 -0.319239956
84   0.83034008   -0.782473646 -0.753906041
85   0.42409105    0.073705075 -0.816001196
86   0.47487218    0.287749755  0.115426129
87  -0.03293911   -1.139214780 -1.002286660
88   0.47487218   -1.067866553  0.301711594
89   0.06862315   -0.996518326 -1.126476970
90   0.88112121    0.501794436  0.115426129
91   0.72877782   -0.782473646 -0.629715731
92   0.67799669   -0.354384285  0.177521284
93  -0.54075040   -1.638652367 -1.623238210
94   0.67799669   -0.639777193 -0.132954491
95   0.37330992   -0.639777193 -0.598668153
96   1.43971363    0.145053302  0.643234946
97  -0.59153153   -1.281911233 -1.405905168
98   1.43971363   -0.782473646  0.053330974
99   0.72877782   -0.568428966 -1.592190633
100  0.88112121   -1.210563007 -0.816001196
101  0.01784202   -0.140339605 -0.567620576
102  1.43971363   -0.782473646 -0.381335111
103 -0.08372024   -1.424607687 -1.281714858
104  0.93190234   -0.283036059  0.705330101
105 -0.33762588   -0.211687832 -0.474477843
106  1.59205702   -0.711125419  0.487997059
107  0.27174766   -0.568428966 -1.250667280
108  1.18580798   -0.283036059  0.084378551
109  1.79518153   -0.711125419 -0.381335111
110  0.57643444   -0.354384285 -0.164002068
111 -0.08372024   -0.925170100 -1.623238210
112  1.69361927   -0.140339605 -0.536572998
113 -0.08372024   -0.853821873 -1.064381815
114  0.72877782   -0.853821873 -1.095429393
115  0.01784202   -0.996518326 -1.312762435
116  1.33815137   -0.211687832 -0.878096351
117 -0.08372024   -1.781348821 -0.940191505
118  0.67799669    0.073705075 -0.412382688
119 -0.64231266   -1.067866553 -1.436952745
120  0.93190234   -0.140339605 -0.257144801
121  0.22096653   -0.711125419 -1.157524548
122  0.57643444   -0.425732512  0.115426129
123 -0.03293911   -0.711125419 -1.436952745
124  0.42409105    0.644490889 -0.257144801
125  0.37330992   -0.782473646 -1.095429393
126  1.03346460   -0.283036059 -0.878096351
127  0.67799669   -0.568428966 -0.878096351
128  0.67799669   -0.140339605  0.332759171
129  0.22096653   -0.996518326 -0.971239083
130  0.17018541   -0.782473646 -0.381335111
131  0.17018541   -0.711125419 -1.281714858
132  1.49049476   -0.068991378 -0.288192378
133 -0.33762588   -1.139214780 -1.002286660
134  0.37330992   -0.568428966  0.053330974
135 -0.03293911   -0.568428966 -1.002286660
136  0.01784202   -0.996518326 -0.909143928
137 -0.84543717   -0.925170100 -1.436952745
138 -0.08372024   -0.782473646 -0.598668153
139 -0.18528250   -0.639777193 -1.499047900
140  0.77955895   -1.139214780 -0.691810886
141  0.72877782   -0.782473646  0.053330974
142  0.62721557   -1.210563007 -0.909143928
143  0.32252879   -0.425732512 -0.940191505
144  0.47487218   -0.568428966 -0.567620576
145 -0.03293911   -0.996518326 -0.629715731
146  0.67799669    0.002356848 -0.257144801
147 -2.01340314    0.715839116  0.363806749
148 -0.43918814    2.071455424  1.854090468
149 -1.55637298    0.644490889  0.301711594
150 -0.99778056    1.215276703  1.854090468
151 -1.35324846    1.001232023  1.481519538
152 -1.86105975    0.644490889  0.425901904
153 -1.30246733    0.715839116  0.736377679
154 -0.94699943    1.286624930  1.233138918
155 -1.91184088    0.573142662  0.239616439
156 -0.89621830    1.001232023  1.171043763
157 -1.75949750    0.929883796  0.550092214
158 -0.54075040    1.072580250  1.667805003
159 -1.75949750    0.929883796  0.550092214
160 -1.30246733    0.858535569  2.040375933
161 -1.30246733    0.644490889 -0.008764181
162 -0.74387492    1.143928476  2.040375933
163 -1.86105975    0.644490889 -0.070859336
164 -0.99778056    1.429321384  2.599232327
165 -1.35324846    0.573142662  0.736377679
166 -1.04856169    1.500669610  1.419424383
167 -1.45481072    1.215276703  1.854090468
168 -1.35324846    1.001232023  0.984758298
169 -1.35324846    0.858535569  0.239616439
170 -0.69309379    1.001232023  1.046853453
171 -2.06418427    1.001232023  0.984758298
172 -1.04856169    1.001232023  1.108948608
173 -1.09934282    1.001232023  1.791995313
174 -1.45481072    0.644490889  0.487997059
175 -0.94699943    1.357973157  1.667805003
176 -0.94699943    1.500669610  1.295234073
177 -1.50559185    0.573142662  0.612187369
178 -1.35324846    0.430446209  1.046853453
179 -0.08372024    2.071455424  2.288756553
180 -1.20090508    1.357973157  1.171043763
181 -0.43918814    1.357973157  1.481519538
182 -1.75949750    0.858535569  0.922663143
183  0.06862315    1.286624930  1.295234073
184 -1.81027862    0.501794436  0.177521284
185 -0.74387492    0.501794436  1.419424383
186 -1.75949750    0.501794436 -0.319239956
187 -0.59153153    1.714714291  1.854090468
188 -1.75949750    0.644490889  0.115426129
189 -1.09934282    1.072580250  0.674282524
190 -0.64231266    1.500669610  1.667805003
191 -1.65793524    1.143928476  0.860567988
192 -1.65793524    0.644490889 -0.008764181
193 -0.64231266    1.714714291  1.481519538
194 -1.96262201    0.858535569  1.108948608
195 -0.69309379    1.001232023  1.357329228
196 -1.50559185    0.644490889  0.798472833
197 -1.55637298    1.357973157  1.357329228
198 -1.40402959    0.644490889  0.239616439
199 -1.09934282    1.714714291  0.984758298
200 -1.40402959    1.143928476  0.860567988
201 -0.89621830    1.357973157  1.046853453
202 -1.65793524    0.501794436  0.115426129
203 -1.09934282    1.357973157  0.984758298
204 -1.35324846    0.501794436  0.301711594
205 -0.94699943    1.643366064  1.667805003
206 -1.70871637    0.501794436 -0.008764181
207 -1.15012395    1.429321384  1.357329228
208 -1.65793524    0.929883796  0.239616439
209 -0.74387492    2.142803651  1.791995313
210 -1.50559185    1.286624930  0.612187369
211 -0.18528250    2.071455424  1.854090468
212 -0.48996927    2.000107198  1.978280778
213 -1.50559185    1.357973157  0.612187369
214 -1.09934282    1.572017837  1.667805003
215 -1.09934282    1.072580250  0.674282524
216 -0.79465604    1.429321384  0.984758298
217 -0.79465604    1.429321384  1.108948608
218 -1.20090508    1.143928476  1.233138918
219 -1.09934282    1.072580250  0.612187369
220 -0.59153153    2.071455424  1.978280778
221 -1.50559185    0.573142662  0.487997059
222 -0.43918814    1.357973157  2.226661398
223 -1.70871637    1.001232023  0.674282524
224 -0.38840701    1.572017837  2.164566243
225 -1.35324846    0.787187343  0.519044636
226 -0.79465604    1.429321384  1.543614693
227 -1.30246733    0.787187343  0.643234946
228 -0.64231266    1.643366064  1.419424383
229 -1.70871637    0.787187343  0.674282524
230  0.06862315    1.928758971  1.729900158
231 -1.40402959    1.215276703  0.487997059
232 -1.50559185    1.215276703  1.357329228
233 -1.60715411    0.787187343  0.829520411
234 -0.08372024    2.071455424  1.667805003
235 -1.09934282    1.215276703  0.922663143
236 -0.03293911    1.928758971  1.481519538
237 -1.35324846    0.787187343  0.674282524
238 -0.54075040    1.643366064  1.791995313
239 -1.25168621    0.929883796  0.798472833
240 -0.74387492    1.786062517  1.233138918
241 -0.69309379    1.072580250  0.891615566
242 -1.30246733    1.500669610  0.829520411
243 -1.40402959    0.145053302  0.519044636
244 -0.33762588    1.714714291  1.295234073
245 -1.09934282    1.286624930  0.798472833
246 -0.08372024    1.928758971  1.729900158
247 -0.84543717    1.001232023  0.953710721
248 -1.09934282    1.928758971  1.605709848
249 -0.54075040    1.001232023  1.605709848
250 -1.25168621    0.644490889  0.612187369
251 -0.69309379    1.286624930  1.605709848
252 -1.60715411    0.501794436  0.456949481
253 -1.04856169    0.573142662  1.605709848
254 -0.99778056    1.072580250  0.984758298
255 -0.64231266    2.000107198  2.164566243
256 -0.99778056    0.858535569  0.550092214
257 -0.43918814    2.071455424  1.605709848
258 -1.55637298    1.143928476  0.208568861
259 -0.59153153    2.071455424  2.040375933
260 -0.48996927    1.500669610  2.226661398
261 -1.75949750    0.929883796  0.891615566
262 -1.45481072    1.001232023  0.798472833
263 -0.74387492    1.500669610  1.916185623
264 -1.20090508    0.787187343  1.233138918
265 -0.54075040    0.858535569  1.481519538
266  0.37330992   -0.639777193 -0.878096351
267  1.18580798   -0.354384285 -0.381335111
268  1.03346460   -0.568428966 -0.691810886
269  0.77955895   -0.925170100 -0.847048773
270  1.33815137   -0.283036059 -0.598668153
271  0.32252879   -0.211687832 -0.319239956
272  0.52565331   -1.638652367 -1.188572125
273  0.52565331   -0.283036059 -0.567620576
274  0.88112121   -0.425732512 -0.070859336
275  1.38893250   -0.211687832 -0.629715731
276  0.32252879   -0.568428966 -0.505525421
277  1.59205702   -0.497080739 -0.536572998
278  0.06862315   -1.139214780 -0.629715731
279  0.47487218    0.002356848 -0.195049646
280 -0.03293911   -0.782473646 -0.784953618
281  1.23658911    0.002356848 -0.195049646
282  1.43971363   -0.283036059 -1.126476970
283  0.32252879   -1.424607687 -0.629715731
284  0.72877782   -0.782473646 -0.940191505
285  0.52565331   -0.425732512  0.239616439
286  0.06862315   -1.424607687 -0.753906041
287  0.17018541   -0.711125419 -1.002286660
288 -0.28684476   -0.996518326 -1.623238210
289  1.13502686   -0.568428966 -0.505525421
290  0.37330992   -0.425732512 -1.126476970
291  0.93190234   -0.283036059 -0.070859336
292  0.62721557   -0.068991378 -1.002286660
293  0.93190234   -0.068991378 -0.505525421
294  0.32252879   -0.711125419 -0.629715731
295  1.43971363    0.287749755  0.425901904
296 -0.28684476   -0.996518326 -1.250667280
297  1.84596266    0.002356848  0.115426129
298 -0.23606363   -0.996518326 -1.064381815
299  0.83034008    0.145053302 -0.132954491
300  0.72877782   -0.425732512 -0.753906041
301 -0.18528250   -0.140339605 -0.381335111
302  0.57643444   -0.425732512 -0.443430266
303  1.79518153    0.644490889  0.736377679
304 -0.28684476   -0.639777193 -1.871618830
305  1.38893250    0.287749755  0.363806749
306  1.18580798    0.644490889 -0.319239956
307  0.17018541   -0.996518326 -0.691810886
308  0.98268347   -0.354384285 -0.816001196
309 -0.08372024   -0.354384285 -0.878096351
310  0.37330992   -0.354384285 -0.660763308
311  0.67799669    0.002356848  0.301711594
312  0.37330992   -0.782473646 -1.002286660
313  1.23658911    0.787187343  0.115426129
314  0.77955895   -0.996518326 -1.188572125
315  0.06862315   -0.211687832 -0.660763308
316 -0.38840701   -0.140339605 -1.095429393
317  0.93190234    0.002356848 -0.319239956
318  0.06862315   -0.568428966 -0.753906041
319  1.28737024    0.145053302 -0.195049646
320  0.06862315   -0.996518326 -1.064381815
321  0.83034008   -0.283036059 -0.940191505
322 -0.28684476   -0.711125419 -1.188572125
323  1.38893250    0.145053302 -0.195049646
324  0.83034008    0.073705075 -0.505525421
325  1.13502686   -0.497080739 -0.847048773
326  1.18580798    0.359097982 -0.319239956
327 -0.33762588   -0.853821873 -0.691810886
328 -0.08372024   -0.425732512 -0.691810886
329  1.33815137    0.430446209 -0.257144801
330  0.47487218    0.073705075 -1.002286660
331  0.52565331   -0.568428966 -0.536572998
332  0.93190234    0.644490889 -0.132954491
333  0.77955895   -0.211687832 -0.536572998

`across()` not always needed

penguins |>
  select(where(is.numeric))

    bill_len bill_dep flipper_len body_mass year
1       39.1     18.7         181      3750 2007
2       39.5     17.4         186      3800 2007
3       40.3     18.0         195      3250 2007
4       36.7     19.3         193      3450 2007
5       39.3     20.6         190      3650 2007
6       38.9     17.8         181      3625 2007
7       39.2     19.6         195      4675 2007
8       41.1     17.6         182      3200 2007
9       38.6     21.2         191      3800 2007
10      34.6     21.1         198      4400 2007
11      36.6     17.8         185      3700 2007
12      38.7     19.0         195      3450 2007
13      42.5     20.7         197      4500 2007
14      34.4     18.4         184      3325 2007
15      46.0     21.5         194      4200 2007
16      37.8     18.3         174      3400 2007
17      37.7     18.7         180      3600 2007
18      35.9     19.2         189      3800 2007
19      38.2     18.1         185      3950 2007
20      38.8     17.2         180      3800 2007
21      35.3     18.9         187      3800 2007
22      40.6     18.6         183      3550 2007
23      40.5     17.9         187      3200 2007
24      37.9     18.6         172      3150 2007
25      40.5     18.9         180      3950 2007
26      39.5     16.7         178      3250 2007
27      37.2     18.1         178      3900 2007
28      39.5     17.8         188      3300 2007
29      40.9     18.9         184      3900 2007
30      36.4     17.0         195      3325 2007
31      39.2     21.1         196      4150 2007
32      38.8     20.0         190      3950 2007
33      42.2     18.5         180      3550 2007
34      37.6     19.3         181      3300 2007
35      39.8     19.1         184      4650 2007
36      36.5     18.0         182      3150 2007
37      40.8     18.4         195      3900 2007
38      36.0     18.5         186      3100 2007
39      44.1     19.7         196      4400 2007
40      37.0     16.9         185      3000 2007
41      39.6     18.8         190      4600 2007
42      41.1     19.0         182      3425 2007
43      36.0     17.9         190      3450 2007
44      42.3     21.2         191      4150 2007
45      39.6     17.7         186      3500 2008
46      40.1     18.9         188      4300 2008
47      35.0     17.9         190      3450 2008
48      42.0     19.5         200      4050 2008
49      34.5     18.1         187      2900 2008
50      41.4     18.6         191      3700 2008
51      39.0     17.5         186      3550 2008
52      40.6     18.8         193      3800 2008
53      36.5     16.6         181      2850 2008
54      37.6     19.1         194      3750 2008
55      35.7     16.9         185      3150 2008
56      41.3     21.1         195      4400 2008
57      37.6     17.0         185      3600 2008
58      41.1     18.2         192      4050 2008
59      36.4     17.1         184      2850 2008
60      41.6     18.0         192      3950 2008
61      35.5     16.2         195      3350 2008
62      41.1     19.1         188      4100 2008
63      35.9     16.6         190      3050 2008
64      41.8     19.4         198      4450 2008
65      33.5     19.0         190      3600 2008
66      39.7     18.4         190      3900 2008
67      39.6     17.2         196      3550 2008
68      45.8     18.9         197      4150 2008
69      35.5     17.5         190      3700 2008
70      42.8     18.5         195      4250 2008
71      40.9     16.8         191      3700 2008
72      37.2     19.4         184      3900 2008
73      36.2     16.1         187      3550 2008
74      42.1     19.1         195      4000 2008
75      34.6     17.2         189      3200 2008
76      42.9     17.6         196      4700 2008
77      36.7     18.8         187      3800 2008
78      35.1     19.4         193      4200 2008
79      37.3     17.8         191      3350 2008
80      41.3     20.3         194      3550 2008
81      36.3     19.5         190      3800 2008
82      36.9     18.6         189      3500 2008
83      38.3     19.2         189      3950 2008
84      38.9     18.8         190      3600 2008
85      35.7     18.0         202      3550 2008
86      41.1     18.1         205      4300 2008
87      34.0     17.1         185      3400 2008
88      39.6     18.1         186      4450 2008
89      36.2     17.3         187      3300 2008
90      40.8     18.9         208      4300 2008
91      38.1     18.6         190      3700 2008
92      40.3     18.5         196      4350 2008
93      33.1     16.1         178      2900 2008
94      43.2     18.5         192      4100 2008
95      35.0     17.9         192      3725 2009
96      41.0     20.0         203      4725 2009
97      37.7     16.0         183      3075 2009
98      37.8     20.0         190      4250 2009
99      37.9     18.6         193      2925 2009
100     39.7     18.9         184      3550 2009
101     38.6     17.2         199      3750 2009
102     38.2     20.0         190      3900 2009
103     38.1     17.0         181      3175 2009
104     43.2     19.0         197      4775 2009
105     38.1     16.5         198      3825 2009
106     45.6     20.3         191      4600 2009
107     39.7     17.7         193      3200 2009
108     42.2     19.5         197      4275 2009
109     39.6     20.7         191      3900 2009
110     42.7     18.3         196      4075 2009
111     38.6     17.0         188      2900 2009
112     37.3     20.5         199      3775 2009
113     35.7     17.0         189      3350 2009
114     41.1     18.6         189      3325 2009
115     36.2     17.2         187      3150 2009
116     37.7     19.8         198      3500 2009
117     40.2     17.0         176      3450 2009
118     41.4     18.5         202      3875 2009
119     35.2     15.9         186      3050 2009
120     40.6     19.0         199      4000 2009
121     38.8     17.6         191      3275 2009
122     41.5     18.3         195      4300 2009
123     39.0     17.1         191      3050 2009
124     44.1     18.0         210      4000 2009
125     38.5     17.9         190      3325 2009
126     43.1     19.2         197      3500 2009
127     36.8     18.5         193      3500 2009
128     37.5     18.5         199      4475 2009
129     38.1     17.6         187      3425 2009
130     41.1     17.5         190      3900 2009
131     35.6     17.5         191      3175 2009
132     40.2     20.1         200      3975 2009
133     37.0     16.5         185      3400 2009
134     39.7     17.9         193      4250 2009
135     40.2     17.1         193      3400 2009
136     40.6     17.2         187      3475 2009
137     32.1     15.5         188      3050 2009
138     40.7     17.0         190      3725 2009
139     37.3     16.8         192      3000 2009
140     39.0     18.7         185      3650 2009
141     39.2     18.6         190      4250 2009
142     36.6     18.4         184      3475 2009
143     36.0     17.8         195      3450 2009
144     37.8     18.1         193      3750 2009
145     36.0     17.1         187      3700 2009
146     41.5     18.5         201      4000 2009
147     46.1     13.2         211      4500 2007
148     50.0     16.3         230      5700 2007
149     48.7     14.1         210      4450 2007
150     50.0     15.2         218      5700 2007
151     47.6     14.5         215      5400 2007
152     46.5     13.5         210      4550 2007
153     45.4     14.6         211      4800 2007
154     46.7     15.3         219      5200 2007
155     43.3     13.4         209      4400 2007
156     46.8     15.4         215      5150 2007
157     40.9     13.7         214      4650 2007
158     49.0     16.1         216      5550 2007
159     45.5     13.7         214      4650 2007
160     48.4     14.6         213      5850 2007
161     45.8     14.6         210      4200 2007
162     49.3     15.7         217      5850 2007
163     42.0     13.5         210      4150 2007
164     49.2     15.2         221      6300 2007
165     46.2     14.5         209      4800 2007
166     48.7     15.1         222      5350 2007
167     50.2     14.3         218      5700 2007
168     45.1     14.5         215      5000 2007
169     46.5     14.5         213      4400 2007
170     46.3     15.8         215      5050 2007
171     42.9     13.1         215      5000 2007
172     46.1     15.1         215      5100 2007
173     47.8     15.0         215      5650 2007
174     48.2     14.3         210      4600 2007
175     50.0     15.3         220      5550 2007
176     47.3     15.3         222      5250 2007
177     42.8     14.2         209      4700 2007
178     45.1     14.5         207      5050 2007
179     59.6     17.0         230      6050 2007
180     49.1     14.8         220      5150 2008
181     48.4     16.3         220      5400 2008
182     42.6     13.7         213      4950 2008
183     44.4     17.3         219      5250 2008
184     44.0     13.6         208      4350 2008
185     48.7     15.7         208      5350 2008
186     42.7     13.7         208      3950 2008
187     49.6     16.0         225      5700 2008
188     45.3     13.7         210      4300 2008
189     49.6     15.0         216      4750 2008
190     50.5     15.9         222      5550 2008
191     43.6     13.9         217      4900 2008
192     45.5     13.9         210      4200 2008
193     50.5     15.9         225      5400 2008
194     44.9     13.3         213      5100 2008
195     45.2     15.8         215      5300 2008
196     46.6     14.2         210      4850 2008
197     48.5     14.1         220      5300 2008
198     45.1     14.4         210      4400 2008
199     50.1     15.0         225      5000 2008
200     46.5     14.4         217      4900 2008
201     45.0     15.4         220      5050 2008
202     43.8     13.9         208      4300 2008
203     45.5     15.0         220      5000 2008
204     43.2     14.5         208      4450 2008
205     50.4     15.3         224      5550 2008
206     45.3     13.8         208      4200 2008
207     46.2     14.9         221      5300 2008
208     45.7     13.9         214      4400 2008
209     54.3     15.7         231      5650 2008
210     45.8     14.2         219      4700 2008
211     49.8     16.8         230      5700 2008
212     49.5     16.2         229      5800 2008
213     43.5     14.2         220      4700 2008
214     50.7     15.0         223      5550 2008
215     47.7     15.0         216      4750 2008
216     46.4     15.6         221      5000 2008
217     48.2     15.6         221      5100 2008
218     46.5     14.8         217      5200 2008
219     46.4     15.0         216      4700 2008
220     48.6     16.0         230      5800 2008
221     47.5     14.2         209      4600 2008
222     51.1     16.3         220      6000 2008
223     45.2     13.8         215      4750 2008
224     45.2     16.4         223      5950 2008
225     49.1     14.5         212      4625 2009
226     52.5     15.6         221      5450 2009
227     47.4     14.6         212      4725 2009
228     50.0     15.9         224      5350 2009
229     44.9     13.8         212      4750 2009
230     50.8     17.3         228      5600 2009
231     43.4     14.4         218      4600 2009
232     51.3     14.2         218      5300 2009
233     47.5     14.0         212      4875 2009
234     52.1     17.0         230      5550 2009
235     47.5     15.0         218      4950 2009
236     52.2     17.1         228      5400 2009
237     45.5     14.5         212      4750 2009
238     49.5     16.1         224      5650 2009
239     44.5     14.7         214      4850 2009
240     50.8     15.7         226      5200 2009
241     49.4     15.8         216      4925 2009
242     46.9     14.6         222      4875 2009
243     48.4     14.4         203      4625 2009
244     51.1     16.5         225      5250 2009
245     48.5     15.0         219      4850 2009
246     55.9     17.0         228      5600 2009
247     47.2     15.5         215      4975 2009
248     49.1     15.0         228      5500 2009
249     46.8     16.1         215      5500 2009
250     41.7     14.7         210      4700 2009
251     53.4     15.8         219      5500 2009
252     43.3     14.0         208      4575 2009
253     48.1     15.1         209      5500 2009
254     50.5     15.2         216      5000 2009
255     49.8     15.9         229      5950 2009
256     43.5     15.2         213      4650 2009
257     51.5     16.3         230      5500 2009
258     46.2     14.1         217      4375 2009
259     55.1     16.0         230      5850 2009
260     48.8     16.2         222      6000 2009
261     47.2     13.7         214      4925 2009
262     46.8     14.3         215      4850 2009
263     50.4     15.7         222      5750 2009
264     45.2     14.8         212      5200 2009
265     49.9     16.1         213      5400 2009
266     46.5     17.9         192      3500 2007
267     50.0     19.5         196      3900 2007
268     51.3     19.2         193      3650 2007
269     45.4     18.7         188      3525 2007
270     52.7     19.8         197      3725 2007
271     45.2     17.8         198      3950 2007
272     46.1     18.2         178      3250 2007
273     51.3     18.2         197      3750 2007
274     46.0     18.9         195      4150 2007
275     51.3     19.9         198      3700 2007
276     46.6     17.8         193      3800 2007
277     51.7     20.3         194      3775 2007
278     47.0     17.3         185      3700 2007
279     52.0     18.1         201      4050 2007
280     45.9     17.1         190      3575 2007
281     50.5     19.6         201      4050 2007
282     50.3     20.0         197      3300 2007
283     58.0     17.8         181      3700 2007
284     46.4     18.6         190      3450 2007
285     49.2     18.2         195      4400 2007
286     42.4     17.3         181      3600 2007
287     48.5     17.5         191      3400 2007
288     43.2     16.6         187      2900 2007
289     50.6     19.4         193      3800 2007
290     46.7     17.9         195      3300 2007
291     52.0     19.0         197      4150 2007
292     50.5     18.4         200      3400 2008
293     49.5     19.0         200      3800 2008
294     46.4     17.8         191      3700 2008
295     52.8     20.0         205      4550 2008
296     40.9     16.6         187      3200 2008
297     54.2     20.8         201      4300 2008
298     42.5     16.7         187      3350 2008
299     51.0     18.8         203      4100 2008
300     49.7     18.6         195      3600 2008
301     47.5     16.8         199      3900 2008
302     47.6     18.3         195      3850 2008
303     52.0     20.7         210      4800 2008
304     46.9     16.6         192      2700 2008
305     53.5     19.9         205      4500 2008
306     49.0     19.5         210      3950 2008
307     46.2     17.5         187      3650 2008
308     50.9     19.1         196      3550 2008
309     45.5     17.0         196      3500 2008
310     50.9     17.9         196      3675 2009
311     50.8     18.5         201      4450 2009
312     50.1     17.9         190      3400 2009
313     49.0     19.6         212      4300 2009
314     51.5     18.7         187      3250 2009
315     49.8     17.3         198      3675 2009
316     48.1     16.4         199      3325 2009
317     51.4     19.0         201      3950 2009
318     45.7     17.3         193      3600 2009
319     50.7     19.7         203      4050 2009
320     42.5     17.3         187      3350 2009
321     52.2     18.8         197      3450 2009
322     45.2     16.6         191      3250 2009
323     49.3     19.9         203      4050 2009
324     50.2     18.8         202      3800 2009
325     45.6     19.4         194      3525 2009
326     51.9     19.5         206      3950 2009
327     46.8     16.5         189      3650 2009
328     45.7     17.0         195      3650 2009
329     55.8     19.8         207      4000 2009
330     43.5     18.1         202      3400 2009
331     49.6     18.2         193      3775 2009
332     50.8     19.0         210      4100 2009
333     50.2     18.7         198      3775 2009

penguins |>
  select(across(where(is.numeric)))

Error in `select()`:
ℹ In argument: `across(where(is.numeric))`.
Caused by error in `across()`:
! Must only be used inside data-masking verbs like `mutate()`, `filter()`, and `group_by()`.

Application exercise

`ae-10`

Instructions

Go to the course GitHub org and find your ae-10 (repo name will be suffixed with your GitHub name).
Clone the repo in Positron, run renv::restore() to install the required packages, open the Quarto document in the repo, and follow along and complete the exercises.
Render, commit, and push your edits by the AE deadline – end of the day

`ae-10` - Part 1

Instructions

Write a function that summarizes multiple specified columns of a data frame and calculates their arithmetic mean and standard deviation.

10:00

Atomic vectors

Types of vectors

Lists

x <- list(1, 2, 3)
x

[[1]]
[1] 1

[[2]]
[1] 2

[[3]]
[1] 3

Lists: `str()`

str(x)

List of 3
 $ : num 1
 $ : num 2
 $ : num 3

x_named <- list(a = 1, b = 2, c = 3)
str(x_named)

List of 3
 $ a: num 1
 $ b: num 2
 $ c: num 3

Store a mix of objects

y <- list("a", 1L, 1.5, TRUE)
str(y)

List of 4
 $ : chr "a"
 $ : int 1
 $ : num 1.5
 $ : logi TRUE

Nested lists

z <- list(list(1, 2), list(3, 4))
str(z)

List of 2
 $ :List of 2
  ..$ : num 1
  ..$ : num 2
 $ :List of 2
  ..$ : num 3
  ..$ : num 4

Secret lists

str(mass_shootings)

tibble [125 × 14] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
 $ case                : chr [1:125] "Oxford High School shooting" "San Jose VTA shooting" "FedEx warehouse shooting" "Orange office complex shooting" ...
 $ year                : num [1:125] 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 ...
 $ month               : chr [1:125] "Nov" "May" "Apr" "Mar" ...
 $ day                 : int [1:125] 30 26 15 31 22 16 16 26 10 6 ...
 $ location            : chr [1:125] "Oxford, Michigan" "San Jose, California" "Indianapolis, Indiana" "Orange, California" ...
 $ summary             : chr [1:125] "Ethan Crumbley, a 15-year-old student at Oxford High School, opened fire with a Sig Sauer 9mm pistol purchased "| __truncated__ "Samuel Cassidy, 57, a Valley Transportation Authorty employee, opened fire at a union meeting at the light rail"| __truncated__ "Brandon Scott Hole, 19, opened fire around 11 p.m. in the parking lot and inside the warehouse, and then shot h"| __truncated__ "Aminadab Gaxiola Gonzalez, 44, allegedly opened fire inside a small business at an office complex, killing at l"| __truncated__ ...
 $ fatalities          : num [1:125] 4 9 8 4 10 8 4 5 4 3 ...
 $ injured             : num [1:125] 7 0 7 1 0 1 0 0 3 8 ...
 $ total_victims       : num [1:125] 11 9 15 5 10 9 4 5 7 11 ...
 $ location_type       : chr [1:125] "School" "Workplace" "Workplace" "Workplace" ...
 $ male                : logi [1:125] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE ...
 $ age_of_shooter      : num [1:125] 15 57 19 NA 21 21 31 51 NA NA ...
 $ race                : chr [1:125] NA NA "White" NA ...
 $ prior_mental_illness: chr [1:125] NA "Yes" "Yes" NA ...

Iteration with {purrr}

Map functions

Apply a function to each element of a list or vector, and return a *.

map() makes a list
map_lgl() makes a logical vector
map_int() makes an integer vector
map_dbl() makes a double vector
map_chr() makes a character vector

Map functions

df <- tibble(
  a = rnorm(10),
  b = rnorm(10),
  c = rnorm(10),
  d = rnorm(10)
)

map_dbl(.x = df, .f = mean)

          a           b           c           d 
 0.07462564  0.20862196 -0.42455887  0.32204455

map_dbl(.x = df, .f = median)

          a           b           c           d 
-0.07983455  0.38029264 -0.67696525  0.49019094

map_dbl(.x = df, .f = sd)

        a         b         c         d 
0.9537841 1.0380734 0.9308092 0.5273024

Map functions

map_dbl(.x = df, .f = \(x) mean(x, na.rm = TRUE))

          a           b           c           d 
 0.07462564  0.20862196 -0.42455887  0.32204455

df |>
  map_dbl(.f = \(x) mean(x, na.rm = TRUE))

          a           b           c           d 
 0.07462564  0.20862196 -0.42455887  0.32204455

Application exercise

`ae-10` - Part 2

Instructions

Write a function that scrapes the content from a single listing page of articles published on The Cornell Review
Apply the function to the most recent 10 pages of articles
Create a single CSV file containing information on the 80 most recent published articles

Wrap up

Recap

Iteration across columns can be performed using across()
Make use of lambda/anonymous functions to perform one-off operations
map() functions are a family of functions that apply a function to each element of a vector or list

Iteration

Announcements

Announcements

Learning objectives

Iteration

What is iteration?

Iteration in R

Iteration in R

Iterating across() columns

penguins

Scenario

Summarizing columns individually

Summarizing columns iteratively

Side note on functional programming

across() + selector helpers

Selection helpers

Implementing anonymous functions

Count number of missing values per column

Multiple summarize operations

Bring back anonymous functions

Do it within groups

Modify columns

Rename output columns

across() not always needed

Application exercise

ae-10

ae-10 - Part 1

Atomic vectors

Types of vectors

Lists

Lists: str()

Store a mix of objects

Nested lists

Secret lists

Iteration with {purrr}

Map functions

Map functions

Map functions

Application exercise

ae-10 - Part 2

Wrap up

Recap

Iterating `across()` columns

`penguins`

`across()` + selector helpers

`across()` not always needed

`ae-10`

`ae-10` - Part 1

Lists: `str()`

`ae-10` - Part 2